Size–weight illusion

The size–weight illusion, also known as the Charpentier illusion, is named after the French physician Augustin Charpentier^[1] because he was the first to demonstrate the illusion experimentally.^[2][3] The illusion occurs when a person underestimates the weight of a larger object (e.g. a box) when compared to a smaller object of the same mass. Similar illusions occurs with differences in material and colour: metal containers feel lighter than wooden containers of the same size and mass,^[4] and darker objects feel heavier than brighter objects of the same size and mass.^[5][6] These illusions can all be described as contrast with the expected weight.^[7] The expected weight or density can be measured by matching visible and hidden weights, lifted in the same manner. This gives an expected density of about 1.7 for metal canisters and 0.14 for polystyrene blocks.^[8] Density expectations may assist in selecting suitable objects to throw.^[9]

An early explanation of these illusions was that people judge the weight of an object from its appearance and then lift it with a pre-determined force. They expect a larger object to be heavier and therefore lift it with greater force: the larger object is then lifted more easily than the smaller one, causing it to be perceived as lighter.^[10] This hypothesis was disproved by an experiment in which two objects of the same mass, same cross section, but different height were placed on observers' supported hands, and produced a passive size–weight illusion.^[11] Recent studies have also shown that the lifting force quickly adapts to the true mass of the objects, but the size–weight illusion remains.^[12][13][14] The illusion therefore cannot be explained by the manner of lifting, and must be due to some perceptual rescaling based on prior expectations. The rescaling has been described as sub-optimal (anti-Bayesian), in that the central nervous system integrates prior expectations with current proprioceptive information in a way that emphasises the unexpected information rather than taking an average of all information.^[14][15] It has also recently been suggested that the illusion may not be anti-Bayesian, but may instead rely on more complex yet still optimal inference processes than traditionally suggested.^[16]

Other models describe the rescaling as partly beneficial, in that it enhances discrimination. Contrast effects are common in many perceptual modalities, and are similar to physiological adaptation. Adaptation can be explained as a change in the gain of the system, the gain being set to the appropriate level for maximum discrimination and for protection against sensory overload. Contrast effects may similarly be related to efficient neural coding.^[14] If the selected range is either too high or too low, as in the size–weight illusion, there is both a contrast illusion and a loss of discrimination. It has been found that weight discrimination deteriorates if objects are lighter than their expected density,^[17][18] or heavier than their expected density.^[17] Models of this type can account for perceptual rescaling without involving the manner of lifting.

References

1. Charpentier, A (1891). "Analyse experimentale: De quelques elements de la sensation de poids [Experimental study of some aspects of weight perception]". Arch Physiol Norm Pathol. 3: 122–135.
2. Koseleff, P (1957). "Studies in the perception of heaviness". Acta Psychol. 13: 242–252. doi:10.1016/0001-6918(57)90023-9.
3. Murray, D J; Ellis, R R; Bandomir, C A; Ross, H E (1999). "Charpentier (1891) on the size-weight illusion". Percept Psychophys. 61: 1681–1685. doi:10.3758/bf03213127.
4. Seashore, C E (1899). "Some psychological statistics.2. The material weight illusion". Univ Iowa Stud Psychol. 2: 36–46.
5. De Camp, J E (1917). "The influence of color on apparent weight: a preliminary study". J exp Psychol. 2: 347–370. doi:10.1037/h0075903.
6. Payne Jr., M. Carr (1958). "Apparent weight as a function of color". The American Journal of Psychology. 71 (4) – via JSTOR.
7. Jones, LA (1986). "Perception of force and weight: theory and research". Psychol Bull. 100: 29–42. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.100.1.29.
8. Ross, H.E. (1969). "When is a weight not illusory?". Q J Exp Psychol. 21: 346–355.
9. Zhu, Q; Bingham, G (2010). "Learning to perceive the affordance for long-distance throwing: Smart mechanism or function learning?". J exp Psychol: Human Percept Perform. 36: 862–875. doi:10.1037/a0018738.
10. Müller GE, Schumann F. Über die psychologischen Grundlagen der Vergleichung gehobener Gewichte. Pflügers Arch XLV: 37–112, 1889.
11. Usnadze, D (1931). "Über die Gewichtstauschung und ihre Analoga [Aspects of weight illusions]". Psychol Forsch. 14: 366–379. doi:10.1007/bf00403879.
12. Mon-Williams, M; Murray, A H (2000). "The size of the visual size cue used for programming manipulative forces during precision grip". Exp Brain Res. 135: 405–410. doi:10.1007/s002210000538.
13. Flanagan, J R; Beltzner, M A (2000). "Independence of perceptual and sensorimotor predictions in the size-weight illusion". Nature Neuroscience. 3: 737–741.
14. Brayanov, J; Smith (2010). "Anti-Bayesian" biases in sensory integration for action and perception in the size–weight illusion". J Neurophysiol. 103: 1518–1531. doi:10.1152/jn.00814.2009.
15. Ernst, M O (2009). "Perceptual learning: inverting the size-weight illusion". Curr Biol. 19: R23–R25. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.10.039.
16. Peters, Megan A.K.; Ma, Wei Ji; Shams, Ladan (2016-06-16). "The Size-Weight Illusion is not anti-Bayesian after all: a unifying Bayesian account". PeerJ. 4: e2124. doi:10.7717/peerj.2124. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 4918219. PMID 27350899.
17. Ross, H E; Gregory, R L (1970). "Weight illusions and weight discrimination - a revised hypothesis". Q J Exp Psychol. 22: 318–328. doi:10.1080/00335557043000267.
18. Jones, L F; Burgess, P R (1998). "Neural gain changes subserving perceptual acuity". Somatosensory Motor Res. 15: 190–199. doi:10.1080/08990229870754.