African broadbill

African broadbill
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Eurylaimidae
Genus: Smithornis
Species: S. capensis
Binomial name
Smithornis capensis
(Smith, 1839)[2]
Synonyms[3]

Platyrhynchus capensis A. Smith, 1839

The African broadbill, also known as the Black-capped Broadbill or Delacour's broadbill[4] (Smithornis capensis) is a species of bird in the sub-oscine family Eurylaimidae.

Description

The African broadbill is a boldly streaked, largely brown, stocky flycatcher like bird. They have dark crowns which are black in the males and grey in the females of the eastern subspecies and blackish in both sexes of the subspecies S.c. meinertzhageni. The upperparts are mainly olive-brown with black streaks, the bases of the feathers on the lower back and rump are white and are hidden when the bird is at rest. The underparts are buff or creamy-white with black streaks on the flanks and the breast. There is subspecific variation with S.c. meinertzhageni and S.c. suahelicus being whiter below with thicker streaks than, for example S.c. mefianus.[5] It measures 12–14 cm in length and in South Africa males weighed 21–26.9g and females 17.4–27.5 g.[6]

Voice

The African broadbill has a very loud call which has been compared to an old fashioned car horn. It is loud, vibrating "Prrrrup" which is made either during a display flight or at rest, and it may be interspersed with softer more plaintive "tui-tui-tui" call, which is also sometimes made without the car horn call.[5]

Distribution

The African Broadbill is native to Africa, especially the southeastern part of the continent.[1] There are two separate allopatric distributions,[7] one rather disjunct distribution in coastal West Africa from Sierra Leone in the west eastwards to the Central African Republic and south to Gabon and the northern Congo. The main distribution covers southern and eastern Africa from Kenya south to KwaZulu Natal.[6]

Habitat

The African broadbill occurs in the middle stratum of evergreen or lowland forest, dense deciduous thickets or other dense woodland,[8] including riverine gallery forest.[5]

Habits

Given its preference for dense forests and woodlands and its inconspicuous behaviour the African broadbill can be difficult to see. It often remains motionless for long periods, perching upright on a low horizontal branch and calling infrequently.[5][7] It feeds exclusively on invertebrates for which it forages on the ground, in the trees and occasionally hawking them in flight. Beetles, grasshoppers, Hemiptera, caterpillars and spiders have all been recorded as food items.[7]

Both sexes perform a display flight, circling around a perch at a radius of 1bout a metre on rapidly fluttering wings, puffing out the back and rump feathers to show their white feather bases and giving the car horn call.[5] The nest is an oval-shaped structure with a side entrance and is built by both sexes from bark, dry leaves, twigs, grass and rootlets, often held together by strands of spider web. It is suspended conspicuously from a low branch of a tree, usually about 1.5-3.0 m above the ground. The date the eggs are laid vary from country to country, however it is usually from October–January. The clutch size is 1-3 eggs, which are female takes on sole responsibility for incubating, incubation lasts for 16–17 days, while the male keeps guards the nest, signalling danger with a high-pitched call. The development and care of the young is little know but the male is the main provider of food to the young.[7]

Taxonomy

The generic name honours the Scottish zoologist and explorer Dr Andrew Smith who described this species as Platyrhynchus capensis in 1839.[3]

There are currently nine recognised subspecies[2] and they are listed below with their distributions from north west to south:[2][6]

Conservation status

This bird has a large range and is common in several regions.[1] In southern Africa it has a scattered distribution because of habitat fragmentation in the area.[8] In general it is considered to be a least-concern species,[1] but it is locally vulnerable due to loss of habitat.[8]

This species lives in forests, dense woodland, and riparian thickets.[8]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 BirdLife International (2012). "Smithornis capensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  2. 1 2 3 "Smithornis capensis (A. Smith, 1839)". Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) (http://www.itis.gov). Retrieved 2016-11-07.
  3. 1 2 Jobling, James A. (2010). Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. Bloomsbury. p. 358. ISBN 1408133261.
  4. ↑ "African Broadbill". World Bird Info. worldbirdinfo.net. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Zimmerman, Dale A.; Turner, Donald A.; Pearson, David J. (1996). Birds of Kenya and Northern Tanzania. Helm. p. 495. ISBN 0-7136-3968-7.
  6. 1 2 3 "African Broadbill (Smithornis capensis)". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
  7. 1 2 3 4 "Smithornis capensis (African broadbill)". Biodiversity Explorer. Iziko Museums of South Africa. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
  8. 1 2 3 4 "African Broadbill" (PDF). SABAP - Southern African Bird Atlas Project. Animal Demography Unit. Retrieved 2016-11-07.

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