Snakehead (gang)

Snakeheads

Founding location	Fujian province, China
Years active	1990s–present
Territory	Chinese communities all round the world
Ethnicity	Hoklo people (Han Chinese)
Membership (est.)	Unknown
Criminal activities	bribery, Hostage taking, Identity document forgery, Illegal immigration, money laundering, murder and People smuggling
Allies	Mafia (Italy) Yakuza (Japan)[1] 14K
Rivals	Other Triads

Snakeheads (Chinese: 蛇头; pinyin: shé tóu; Hokkien: chôa-thâu) are Chinese gangs that smuggle people to other countries. They are found in the Fujian region of China and smuggle their customers into wealthier Western countries such as those in Western Europe, North America, Australia, and some nearby wealthier regions such as Taiwan and Japan.

Snakeheads use various methods to get their customers to the West. They may employ the use of stolen or altered passports, improperly obtained visas, and bribes to move people from nation to nation until they arrive at their final destination. They also may use fake business delegations and tour groups as a way of beating immigration controls.^[2] The rate of payment for successful smuggling can be as high as US$70,000.^[3]

One notable snakehead member is Cheng Chui Ping or "Sister Ping".^[4][5] Another is Guo Liang Chi, known mainly by his street name of Ah Kay, who was the mastermind of the Golden Venture cargo ship fiasco in 1993 that was financed by Sister Ping.

Role in defection from North Korea

A North Korean emigrant seeking to enter South Korea may turn to a snakehead gang to be voluntarily smuggled out of North Korea. The smuggling would often turn into human trafficking if the emigrant does not pay the snakehead gang members back.^[6]

In popular culture

• In the Lincoln Rhyme novel The Stone Monkey by Jeffery Deaver, the villain is a shadowy snakehead, nicknamed "the Ghost," who is intent on killing a family of Chinese immigrants who are the only witnesses alive who can identify him to the authorities.
• The Alex Rider novel Snakehead by Anthony Horowitz features snakeheads as the smugglers that get him and Ash into Australia.
• In the video game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas, one of the operations puts the player on a ship carrying illegal Vietnamese immigrants. The gangster running the operation is referred to as "The Snakehead". This gang is known as the "Da Nang Boys".
• In the "Laughing Magician" story arc of the comic book Hellblazer, John Constantine enlists the aid of a snakehead gang boss.
• The 1980 Shaw Brothers production Lost Souls directed by Mou Tun Fei concerns the exploitation of illegal immigrants and features a gang of nasty snakeheads as the villains.
• The Oregon Files novels Dark Watch and Flood Tide by Clive Cussler features snakeheads as minor villains.
• The Fringe episode "Snakehead" features a gang that smuggles immune-boosting parasites by feeding them to the Chinese immigrants that they are transporting.
• In an episode of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit called "Debt", the detectives fight against a snakehead gang.
• The TV series Hawaii Five-0 (2010) featured a snakehead in the pilot episode who is sentenced to life imprisonment – later to be revealed as a subordinate of the archvillain Wo Fat.
• The zombie fiction novel World War Z by Max Brooks features a Snakehead gang member as a character, revealing how they helped transport infected refugees outside mainland China to the West and Central Asia.
• The movie Premium Rush refers to the snakehead gang as the recipient of the envelope that is being delivered.

See also

• List of Chinese criminal organizations
• People smuggling
• Coyotaje
• Triad

References

• Thompson, Tony (2004). Gangs: A Journey into the heart of the British Underworld. ISBN 0-340-83053-0.
• Keefe, Patrick Radden (April 24, 2006). "The Snakehead: The criminal odyssey of Chinatown's Sister Ping". The New Yorker.

1. "Snakeheads in the Garden of Eden: Immigrants, Smuggling, and Threats to Social Order in Japan", H. Richard Friman
2. "'Snakehead' boss arrested in China", February 4, 2002, BBC News
3. "Sharp rise in Chinese arrests at U.S. border". Los Angeles Times. October 5, 2009.
4. "Cheng Chui Ping: 'Mother of snakeheads'" BBC News. 17 March 2006.
5. Keefe, Patrick Radden (April 24, 2006). "The Snakehead: The criminal odyssey of Chinatown's Sister Ping". The New Yorker.
6. McKenzie, David. "Chinese 'snakehead' gangs offer only escape for North Korea's defectors". CNN. Cable News Network. Retrieved 15 August 2015.

External links

• List of prices paid to human smugglers by immigrants from China and other countries.
• Wang, Peng (2013). "The Increasing Threat of Chinese Organised Crime: national, regional and international perspectives". The RUSI Journal. 158 (4): 6–18. doi:10.1080/03071847.2013.826492.
• Keefe, Patrick Radden (2009). The Snakehead: An Epic Tale of the Chinatown Underworld and the American Dream. Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-52130-7.