Sol Plaatje

Sol T Plaatje
Born	9 October 1876 Doornfontein near Boshof, Orange Free State
Died	19 June 1932 (aged 55) Pimville, Soweto
Nationality	South African
Occupation	Writer and politician
Known for	being a founder member of the ANC

Solomon Tshekisho Plaatje (9 October 1876 – 19 June 1932) was a South African intellectual, journalist, linguist, politician, translator and writer. Plaatje was a founder member and first General Secretary of the South African Native National Congress (SANNC), which became the ANC. The Sol Plaatje Local Municipality, which includes the city of Kimberley, is named after him, as is the Sol Plaatje University in that city, which opened its doors in 2014.^[1]

Early life

Plaatje was born in Doornfontein near Boshof, Orange Free State (now Free State Province, South Africa), the sixth of eight sons.^[2] His grandfather's name was Selogilwe Mogodi but his employer nicknamed him Plaatje and the family started using this as a surname. His parents Johannes and Martha were members of the Tswana tribe. They were Christians and worked for missionaries at mission stations in South Africa. When Solomon was four, the family moved to Pniel near Kimberley in the Cape Colony to work for a German missionary, Ernst Westphal, and his wife Wilhelmine. There he received a mission-education. When he outpaced fellow learners he was given additional private tuition by Mrs. Westphal, who also taught him to play the piano and violin and gave him singing lessons.^[2] In February 1892, aged 15, he became a pupil-teacher, a post he held for two years.

After leaving school, he moved to Kimberley in 1894 where he became a telegraph messenger for the Post Office.^[2] He subsequently passed the clerical examination (the highest in the colony) with higher marks than any other candidate in Dutch and typing (reported by Neil Parsons in his foreword to Native Life in South Africa, Before and Since the European War and the Boer Rebellion^[3] At that time, the Cape Colony had qualified franchise for all men 21 or over, the qualification being that they be able to read and write English or Dutch and earn over 50 pounds a year. Thus, when he turned 21 in 1897, he was able to vote, a right he would later lose when British rule ended.^[2]

Shortly thereafter, he became a court interpreter for the British authorities during the Siege of Mafeking and kept a diary of his experiences which were published posthumously.^[2]

After the war, he was optimistic that the British would continue to grant qualified franchise to all males, but they gave political rights to whites only in the 1910 Union of South Africa. Plaatje criticised the British in an unpublished 1909 manuscript entitled "Sekgoma – the Black Dreyfus."^[3]

Career

The South African Native National Congress delegation to England, June 1914. Left to right: Thomas Mapike, Rev. Walter Rubusana, Rev. John Dube, Saul Msane, Sol Plaatje

As an activist and politician he spent much of his life in the struggle for the enfranchisement and liberation of African people. He was a founder member and first General Secretary of the South African Native National Congress (SANNC), which would become the African National Congress (ANC) ten years later. As a member of an SANNC deputation he travelled to England to protest the Natives Land Act, 1913, and later to Canada and the United States where he met Marcus Garvey and W. E. B. Du Bois.

While he grew up speaking the Tswana language, Plaatje would become a polyglot. Fluent in at least seven languages, he worked as a court interpreter during the Siege of Mafeking, and translated works of William Shakespeare into Tswana. His talent for language would lead to a career in journalism and writing. He was editor and part-owner of Koranta ea Becoana (Bechuana Gazette) in Mafikeng, and in Kimberley Tsala ea Becoana (Bechuana Friend) and Tsala ea Batho (The Friend of the People).

Plaatje was the first black South African to write a novel in English – Mhudi. He wrote the novel in 1919, but it was only published in 1930. In 1928 the Zulu writer R. R. R. Dhlomo published an English-language novel, entitled An African Tragedy, at the missionary Lovedale Press, in Alice. This makes Dhlomo's novel the first published black South African novel in English, even though Plaatje's Mhudi had been written first. He also wrote Native Life in South Africa, which Neil Parsons describes as "one of the most remarkable books on Africa by one of the continent's most remarkable writers",^[3] and Boer War Diary that was first published 40 years after his death.

Performing

A scene from the stage show of Cradle of the World, 1923. Sol Plaatje is centre stage.

Plaatje made three visits to Britain. There he met many people of similar views. One was the cinema and theatrical impresario George Lattimore who in 1923 was promoting with Pathé, Cradle of the World, the "most marvellous and thrilling travel film ever screened". In a letter to the pan-Africanist W. E. B. Du Bois, Lattimore reported that he was having a "successful run" at the Philharmonic Hall in London.^[4] The show, which had the character of a revue, included live music and singing. Plaatje was recruited by Lattimore to take the role of an African tribesman.^[5]

Personal life

Plaatje was a committed Christian,^[6] and organised a fellowship group called the Christian Brotherhood at Kimberley. He was married to Elizabeth Lilith M'belle, a union that would produce five children – Frederick, Halley, Richard, Violet and Olive. He died of pneumonia at Pimville, Johannesburg on 19 June 1932 and was buried in Kimberley. Over a thousand people attended the funeral.^[7]

Recognition and legacy

• 1935: three years after his death, a tombstone was erected over Plaatje's grave with the inscription: "I Khutse Morolong: Modiredi Wa Afrika – Rest in Peace Morolong, You Servant of Africa".^[8]

Decades passed before Plaatje began to receive the recognition he deserved. "Much of what he strove for came to nought," writes his biographer Brian Willan, "his political career was gradually forgotten, his manuscripts were lost or destroyed, his published books largely unread. His novel Mhudi formed part of no literary tradition, and was long regarded as little more than a curiosity."^[8]

• 1970s: interest was stirred in Plaatje's journalistic and literary legacy through the work of John Comaroff (who edited for publication The Boer War Diary of Sol T. Plaatje,^[9] and by Tim Couzens and Stephen Gray (who focused attention on Sol Plaatje's novel, Mhudi^[10][11][12])
• 1978: Mhudi was re-published under the editorial guidance of Stephen Gray^[13]
• 1982: Plaatje's Native Life in South Africa: Before and Since the European War and the Boer Rebellion (1916) was re-published by Ravan Press.^[14]
• 1982: the African Writers Association instituted a Sol Plaatje Prose Award (alongside the H. I. E. and R. R. R. Dhlomo Drama Award and the S. E. K. Mqhayi Poetry Award).^[15]
• 1984: Brian Willan published his biography, Sol Plaatje: South African Nationalist, 1876–1932.^[16]
• 1991: The Sol Plaatje Educational Trust and Museum, housed in Plaatje's Kimberley home at 32 Angel Street, was opened, actively furthering his written legacy.^[17]
• 1992: the house at 32 Angel Street in Kimberley, where Plaatje spent his last years, was declared a national monument (now a provincial heritage site).^[18] It continues as the Sol Plaatje Museum and Library, run by the Sol Plaatje Educational Trust, with donor funding. In the 2000s the Sol Plaatje Educational Trust has published Plaatje biographies by Maureen Rall^[19] and Sabata-Mpho Mokae.^[20]
• circa 1995: the Sol Plaatje Municipality (Kimberley) in South Africa's Northern Cape Province was named in Plaatje's honour.
• 1998: an honorary doctorate was posthumously conferred on Plaatje by the University of the North-West, with several of his descendants present.^[21]
• 1998: Plaatje's grave in West End Cemetery, Kimberley, was declared a national monument (now a provincial heritage site).^[22] It was only the second grave in South African history to be awarded national monument status.^[23]
• 2000: The Diamond Fields Advertiser launches the Sol T Plaatje Memorial Award to honour the top Setswana and top English matriculant each year in the Northern Cape. The first recipients are Claire Reddie (English) and Neo Molefi (Setswana).^[24]
• 2000: the Department of Education building in Pretoria was renamed Sol Plaatje House, on 15 June 2000, "in honour of this political giant and consummate educator."^[17]
• 2000: the South African Post Office issued a series of stamps featuring writers of the Boer War, with Plaatje appearing on the 1.30 Rand stamp. The series also includes Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Winston Churchill, Johanna Brandt and the Anglo-Boer War Medal.^[25]
• 2000: the African National Congress initiated the Sol Plaatje Award, one of a number of annual achievement awards. The Sol Plaatje Award recognises the best performing ANC branch.^[26]
• 2002: the Sol Plaatje Media Leadership Institute was established within Rhodes University's Department of Journalism and Media Studies.^[27]
• 2005: the Saulspoort Dam was renamed Sol Plaatje Dam, although not in honour of Sol Plaatje the man but in remembrance of 41 Sol Plaatje Municipal workers drowned in a bus disaster there on 1 May 2003.^[28][29]
• 2007: the Sol Plaatje Prize for Translation was instituted by the English Academy of South Africa, awarded bi-annually for translation of prose or poetry into English from any of the other South African official languages.
• 2009: the Sol Plaatje Power Station at the Sol Plaatje Dam was commissioned – the first commercial small hydro power station constructed in South Africa in 22 years.^[30][31]
• 2009: Sol Plaatje was honoured in the Posthumous Literary Award given by the South African Literary Awards.
• 2010: the first Plaatje Festival, held in Mahikeng, hosted by the North West Province Departments of Sport, Arts and Culture and of Education, on 5 and 6 November 2010. It brought together Plaatje and Molema descendants, poets, journalists, scholars, language practitioners, educators, and learners, who "paid tribute to this brilliant Setswana man of letters."^[17]
• 2010: a statue of Sol Plaatje, seated and writing at a desk, was unveiled in Kimberley by South African President Jacob Zuma on 9 January 2010, the 98th anniversary of the founding of the African National Congress. By sculptor Johan Moolman, it was erected at Kimberley's Civic Centre, formerly the Malay Camp, and situated approximately where Plaatje had his printing press in 1910 – 13.^[32]
• 2011: the European Union Sol Plaatje Poetry Competition was inaugurated, honouring "the spirit of the legendary intellectual giant, Sol Plaatje, the activist, linguist and translator, novelist, journalist and leader." Winners' work has been published in an annual anthology since the competition's inauguration.^[33]
• 2012: Seetsele Modiri Molema's Lover of his people: a biography of Sol Plaatje was published. Translated and edited by D. S. Matjila and Karen Haire, the manuscript, Sol T. Plaatje: Morata Wabo, dating from the 1960s, was the first Plaatje biography written in his mother tongue, Setswana, and the only book-length biography written by someone who actually knew Plaatje.^[34]
• 2013: the naming of the Sol Plaatje University in Kimberley, which opened in 2014, was announced by President Jacob Zuma on 25 July 2013.^[1][35]
• 2013: the renaming of UNISA's Florida Campus Library as the Sol Plaatje Library, unveiled on 30 July 2013.^[36]
• Schools in Kimberley and Mahikeng are named after Sol Plaatje.

Original writing

• The Boer War Diary of Sol T. Plaatje: an African at Mafeking. Macmillan. 1973. ISBN 978-0-86954-002-2. with John L. Comaroff
• The Essential Interpreter (circa 1909) an essay
• Mhudi, an epic of South African native life a hundred years ago. Negro Universities Press. 1930.
• Native Life in South Africa. London: P. S. King and Son Ltd. 1914. ISBN 978-3-8491-6441-6.
• Sechuana Proverbs, with Literal Translations and Their European Equivalents,... by Solomon T. Plaatje,... K. Paul, Trench, Trubner and Company. 1916.
• A Sechuana Reader in International Phonetic Orthography: (with English Translations). 1916.
• Bantu Folk-Tales and Poems

Translations of Shakespeare

• Dikhontsho tsa bo-Juliuse Kesara – Julius Caesar^[37]
• Diphosho-phosho – The Comedy of Errors^[38]

Both of these were called "remarkably good" translations in a 1949 study.^[39]

Notes and references

1. Address by the President of South Africa during the announcement of new Interim Councils and names of the New Universities, 25 July 2013, retrieved 25 July 2013.
2. Van Wyk 2003.
3. Plaatjie 1996, p. foreword.
4. Letter from George W. Lattimore to W. E. B. Du Bois, 21 August 1923. W. E. B. Du Bois Papers, credo. Retrieved 13 October 2014.
5. Topp Fargion, Janet. "Sol t Plaatje: The hidden recording", in Playback, Bulletin of the British Library National Sound Archive, No. 12, Autumn 1995, pp. 2-4.
6. Solomon Tshekisho Plaatje (Sol Plaatje) Mafikeng Capital City – North West Province South Africa at www.tourismnorthwest.co.za
7. Willan 1984, p. 389.
8. Willan 1984, p. 390.
9. Plaatje & Comaroff 1973.
10. Couzens 1973.
11. Gray 1976.
12. Gray 1977.
13. Plaatje, Sol T. 1978 (1930). Mhudi. Ed. Stephen Gray. Oxford: Heinemann Educational Books.
14. Plaatje, Sol T. Native Life in South Africa: Before and Since the European War and the Boer Rebellion. Johannesburg: Ravan.
15. The literature police: chronology
16. Willan 1984.
17. Department of Basic Education: Sol Plaatje House: explanation written by Dr Karen Haire for the Sol Plaatje Educational Trust, 32 Angel Street, Kimberley, 8301, retrieved 26 July 2013.
18. Government Gazette of South Africa, No. 14048, Pretoria: 19 June 1992.
19. Rall 2003.
20. Mokae 2010.
21. Reeves, Jacqui (24 April 1998). "Posthumous doctorate for Plaatje". The Star. Archived from the original on 16 November 2007. Retrieved 20 August 2015 – via African National Congress.
22. Government Gazette of South Africa, No. 18694, Pretoria: 27 February 1998.
23. Diamond Fields Advertiser, Wednesday, 17 October 2001, "Tsala ea Batho", Kimberley, p. 10.
24. Diamond Fields Advertiser. Wednesday 17 October 2001, "Tsala ea Batho", Kimberley, p. 12.
25. Anglo-Boer War Writers – stamps, Trussel.com.
26. ANC Annual Achievement Awards.
27. Sol Plaatje Institute retrieved 10 August 2013.
28. Government Gazette, REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA, Vol. 478, Pretoria, 1 April 2005, No. 27408; retrieved 16 August 2013.
29. Drama at bus tragedy service News24.com, 5 May 2003; retrieved 16 August 2013.
30. "Infrastructure news Article". Infrastructure news. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
31. "Bethlehem Hydro Brochure" (PDF). Bethlehem Hydro. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
32. Plaatje Statue unveiled, Diamond Fields Advertiser, 11 January 2010, p. 6. (Contrary to Sunday Argus and Independent on Line reports [10 January 2010, at 12:42PM] suggesting that this took place in Cape Town.)
33. Sol Plaatje European Union Poetry Anthology.
34. Molema 2012.
35. "New universities' names revealed", News24, 25 July 2013.
36. All in the name of science: campus buildings renamed; retrieved 16 August 2013.
37. Midgley 1997, p. 15.
38. Midgley 1997, p. 17.
39. Hellmann, Abrahams & Simons 1949, pp. 601-605.

• Hellmann, Ellen; Abrahams, Leah; Simons, Harold Jack, eds. (1949). Handbook on Race Relations in South Africa. Published for the South African Institute of Race Relations. Cape Town: Oxford University Press.
• Midgley, Peter (1997). Sol Plaatje: An Introduction. Grahamstown: National English Literary Museum. ISBN 978-1-874941-12-5.
• Mokae, Sabata-mpho (2010). The Story of Sol T. Plaatje. Sol Plaatje Educational Trust. ISBN 978-0-9814236-3-0.
• Molema, S. M. (2012). D. S. Matjila & K. Haire, ed. Lover of His People: A Biography of Sol Plaatje. ISBN 978-1-86814-601-7.
• Plaatje, Solomon Tshekisho; Comaroff, John L. (1973). The Boer War Diary of Sol T. Plaatje: an African at Mafeking. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-86954-002-2.
• Plaatje, Sol (Solomon Tshekisho) (1998). Native Life in South Africa. London: P. S. King and Son Ltd. ISBN 978-3-8491-6441-6.
• Rall, Maureen (2003). Peaceable Warrior: The Life and Times of Sol T. Plaatje. Sol Plaatje Educational Trust.
• Van Wyk, Chris (2003). Sol Plaatje. Awareness Publishing. ISBN 978-1-919910-82-6.
• Willan, Brian (1984). Sol Plaatje, South African Nationalist, 1876–1932. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-05334-2.
• Willan, Brian (1984). Sol Plaatje: A Biography. Johannesburg: Ravan. ISBN 978-0-86975-252-4.
• Couzens, T. J. (1971). "The Dark Side of the World: Sol Plaatje's Mhudi". English Studies in Africa. 14 (2): 187–203. doi:10.1080/00138397108690662. ISSN 0013-8398.
• — (1973). "Sol Plaatje's Mhudi". Journal of Commonwealth Literature. 8 (1).

• Gray, Stephen (1976), Sources of the first black South African novel in English (pdf), Munger Africana Notes

• — (1977). "Sources of the first black South African novel in English". 4 (1). Grahamstown: Institute for the Study of English in Africa, Rhodes University: 1–6. JSTOR 40238385.

Further reading

• Chrisman, Laura (2000). Rereading the Imperial Romance: British Imperialism and South African Resistance in Haggard, Schreiner, and Plaatje. Oxford: Clarendon. ISBN 978-0-19-812299-9.
• De Villiers, G.E. 2000. Servant of Africa. The life and times of Sol T Plaatje. Pretoria: Stimela.
• Midgley, Peter (2000). "South African Writers". In Paul A. Scanlon. Dictionary of Literary Biography: South African writers. Detroit: Gale Group. p. 346–357. ISBN 978-0-7876-3134-5.
• Pampallis, John (1992). Sol Plaatje. Cape Town: Maskew Miller Longman. ISBN 978-0-636-01658-3.
• Plaatje, Solomon Tshekisho (1996). Brian Willan, ed. Selected writings. Johannesburg: Witswatersrand University Press. ISBN 978-1-86814-303-0.

External links

• A biography and chronology of his life
• Works by Sol Plaatje at Project Gutenberg
• Native Life in South Africa at Project Gutenberg