Stag beetle

Stag beetle
Male Lamprima aurata
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Suborder: Polyphaga
Infraorder: Scarabaeiformia
Superfamily: Scarabaeoidea
Family: Lucanidae
Latreille, 1804
Subfamilies

Aesalinae
Lampriminae
Lucaninae
Syndesinae

Stag beetles are a group of about 1,200 species of beetles in the family Lucanidae, presently classified in four subfamilies.[1] Some species grow up to over 12 cm (4.7 in), but most are about 5 cm (2.0 in).

Overview

Dorcus curvidens male (left) and female (right)

The English name is derived from the large and distinctive mandibles found on the males of most species, which resemble the antlers of stags.

A well-known species in much of Europe is Lucanus cervus, referred to in some European countries (including United Kingdom) as "the" stag beetle (it is the largest terrestrial insect in Europe). Pliny the Elder noted that Nigidius called the stag beetle lucanus after the Italian region of Lucania where they were used as amulets. The scientific name of Lucanus cervus is this word, plus cervus, deer.

Male stag beetles use their jaws to wrestle each other for favoured mating sites in a manner that parallels the way stags fight over females. Fights may also be over food, such as tree sap and decaying fruits. Despite their often fearsome appearance, they are not normally aggressive to humans.

Female stag beetles are usually smaller than the males, with smaller mandibles. The mandibles though smaller are much more powerful than the males.[2] As larvae, females can be distinguished from males by the presence of cream-coloured, fat ovaries visible through the skin around two-thirds of the way down the larva's back.

The larvae feed for several years on rotting deciduous wood, growing through three larval stages until eventually pupating inside a pupal cell constructed from surrounding wood pieces and soil particles. In the final larval stage, "L3", the grubs of larger species, such as Prosopocoilus giraffa, may be the size of a human finger.

Antler allometry

Antler allometry in Prosopocoilus savagei

The Lucanidae express male-specific "weapon traits" (antler size) that often show size variations among individual males, termed scaling relationship or static allometry. Environmental conditions during development affect absolute weapon size, but genetic factors are active.

Taxonomy

Main article: Taxonomy of Lucanidae

Currently, the only means of identification of world species is the illustrated text by Mizunuma, T. and S. Nagai. 1994. The Lucanid Beetles of the World. Mushi-sha, Tokyo. 337 pp. based on the work Catalogue illustré des lucanides du globe in Encyclopédie Entomologique (series A 27: 1-223) by Robert Didier and Eugene Seguy.

References

  1. ↑ Smith, A.B.T. (2006). A review of the family-group names for the superfamily Scarabaeoidea (Coleoptera) with corrections to nomenclature and a current classification. The Coleopterists Bulletin 60:144–204.
  2. ↑ http://www.wildlondon.org.uk/sites/default/files/files/Stag%20beetle%20advice%20note.pdf
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