Stichodactyla mertensii

Mertens' Carpet Sea Anemone
Stichodactyla mertensii with Amphiprion akallopisos and other unidentified fish in Madagascar
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Cnidaria
Class: Anthozoa
Subclass: Hexacorallia
Order: Actiniaria
Family: Stichodactylidae
Genus: Stichodactyla
Species: S. mertensii
Binomial name
Stichodactyla mertensii
(Brandt, 1835)

Mertens' carpet sea anemone (Stichodactyla mertensii) is a species of stichodactylid sea anemones. It is regarded as the largest sea anemone with a diameter of over 1 m (3.3 ft), the next largest being Heteractis magnifica which has longer tentacles.[1] This species has an oral disc that can be described as more ovoid than circular that contours to the surrounding substrate and is attached to the substrate by adhesive verrucae, which are wart like projections.[1] Its blunt or pointed tentacles are uniformly shaped, and are only about 1–2 centimetres (0.39–0.79 in) long.[1] It contains obligate symbiotic zooxanthellae, and is a host to around half the species of anemonefish and one damselfish, Dascyllus trimaculatus.

Distribution

S. mertensii is found on rocky or coral substrate and is widespread throughout the tropical and subtropical waters of the Indo-Pacific area from Mauritius to Fiji and from the Ryukyu Islands of southern Japan to Australia.[1] While this species can be confused with Stichodactyla gigantea and S. haddoni, they are most easily distinguished by habitat since the former two prefer sand while S. mertensii prefers rocky or coral substrate.[1]

Biology

The anemonefish generally said to be hosted by S. mertensii are: [1][2][3][4][5]

Other anemonefish said to be hosted by S. mertensii are:

The relationship between anemonefish and their host sea anemones is highly nested in structure. With at least 13 species of hosted anemonefish, S. mertensii is highly generalist,[2] and appears to be a preferred host. A. akallopisos is the only anemonefish in the Comoro Islands and is hosted by Heteractis magnifica and S. mertensii. It appears that in the Seychelles that A. fuscocaudatus displaces A. akallopisos from S. mertensii while in the Maldives A. akallopisos is displaced from S. mertensii by A. clarkii, as in both locations A. akallopisos is only hosted by H. magnifica.[2] There are 2 specialist anemonefish that are only found with S. mertensii, A. fuscocaudatus and A. latifasciatus.[2]

Recently, Amphiprion clarkii and Amphiprion sandaracinos were observed to coexist within one host anemone of Stichodactyla mertensii. A. clarkii was not aggressive towards the A. sandaracinos but was aggressive towards all fish approaching the anemone. The anemonefish didn't divide the host into separate territories.[6]

Anemonefish color variations

Some species of anemonefish, including A. chrysogaster, A. chrysopterus, A. clarkii, A. percula and A. tricinctus have a melanistic variation when associated with anemone of the genus Stichodactyla.[1] The change in body and or fin color from orange to black can occur within hours when transferred to the anemone. The fish then changes back from black to orange when removed from the host, although the change back takes longer. Why this occurs and its benefits to either partner are unknown.[1]

Other species do not show any such variation including A. akallopisos, A. akindynos, A. allardi, A. bicinctus, A. fuscocaudatus, A. latifasciatus, A. leucokranos and A. sandaracinos.[1]

There is a black variation of A. ocellaris, however it is not known whether this is associated with any specific anemone.[1]

Notes

  1. ↑ Field records are lacking for A. thiellei and S. mertensii is listed as one of the probable hosts.[5]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Fautin, Daphne G.; Allen, Gerald R. (1997). Field Guide to Anemone Fishes and Their Host Sea Anemones. Western Australian Museum. ISBN 9780730983651. Archived from the original on 14 April 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Ollerton J; McCollin D; Fautin DG; Allen GR. (2007). "Finding NEMO: nestedness engendered by mutualistic organization in anemonefish and their hosts". Proc R Soc B Biol Sci. (274): 591–598. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3758.
  3. 1 2 3 Fautin, Daphne G. (2006). "Hexacorallians of the World". Retrieved 2 October 2013.
  4. 1 2 3 Fenner, Bob. "'Carpet Anemones in Captive Systems". The Conscientious Reef Aquarist. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
  5. 1 2 Litsios, G.; Sims, C; Wüest, R; Pearman P.B.; Zimmermann, N.E.; Salamin N. (2012). "Mutualism with sea anemones triggered the adaptive radiation of clownfishes". BMC Evolutionary Biology (11): 212. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-12-212.
  6. ↑ Bos, Arthur (2012). "Clownfishes Amphiprion clarkii and A. sandaracinos (Pomacentridae) coexist in the sea anemone Stichodactyla mertensii". Coral Reefs. 30: 369. doi:10.1007/s00338-010-0713-3.
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