List of armed groups in the Syrian Civil War

Illustration of the main factions involved in the Syrian Civil War and affiliations

A number of armed groups have involved themselves in the ongoing Syrian Civil War.

Opposing forces

Syrian Arab Republic and allies	// Syrian opposition, Al-Qaeda affiliates and allies	Syrian Democratic Council Federation of Northern Syria - Rojava	Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and allies
Syrian government forces Syrian Armed Forces Syrian Arab Army Republican Guard Syrian Marines[1] 4th Armoured Division Special Forces Command Tiger Forces Suqur al-Sahara 14th Special Forces Division 15th Special Forces Division Syrian Arab Air Force Syrian Arab Navy National Defence Force Allied armed groups: Ba'ath Brigades[2] as-Sa'iqa[3] Syrian Social Nationalist Party[4][5] Amal Movement[6] Arab Nationalist Guard[7] Syrian Resistance[8] Jaysh al-Muwahhideen[4] Forces of Abu Ibrahim[9] Sootoro Jaysh al-Sha'bi[10] PFLP–GC[11] Liwa Al-Quds[12] Palestine Liberation Army[13] Liwa Abu al-Fadhal al-Abbas[14] Liwa Assad Allah al-Ghalib fi al-Iraq wa al-Sham[15] Liwa Fatemiyoun[16] Liwa Zainebiyoun[17] Faylaq Wa'ad al-Sadiq[18] Fatah al-Intifada[19] Popular Mobilization Forces Kataib Sayyid al-Shuhada Badr Organization[20] Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq[20] Kata'ib Hezbollah[21] Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba Peace Companies[22] Houthis[23] Jaysh al-Wafaa[24] Liwa Dhu al-Fiqar[25][26] Dareh al-Sahel[27] Dareh al-Areen[27] al-Hosn[27] Saraya al-Mukhtar[28] Dareh al-Watan[27] al-Berri clan[29][30] Tayy tribe militias[31] al-Jihesh tribe militias[32] al-Shaitat tribe militias [33] Syrian National Resistance[34][35] Kafr Saghir Martyrs Brigade[36] Far right volunteers[37][38] Slavonic Corps[39][40] (2013) Hezbollah[41]  Iran[42][43][44] Iranian Armed Forces Revolutionary Guards[45] Quds Force[46] Basij[47][48][49] Saberin Unit[50] Army 65th Airborne Special Forces Brigade[51]  Russia[52] Russian Armed Forces Russian Air Force Russian Navy Special Operations Forces[53][54][55][56] Spetsnaz GRU[56] Armament support:  Russia[57][58]  Iran[59]  North Korea[60][61][62]  Iraq[63]  Egypt[64][65]  Belarus[66]  China[67]	Free Syrian Army-affiliated rebel groups Southern Front al-Rahman Legion Syrian Turkmen Brigades Sultan Murad Division Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror Brigade[68] Muntasar Billah Brigade Levant Front[69] Liwa Jund al-Islam Thuwar al-Sham Battalion Liwa al-Majid[70][71][72] Martyrs of Islam Brigade Authenticity and Development Front Free Idlib Army[73] 13th Division[74] Mountain Hawks Brigade[75][76] Northern Division[77][78] Army of Mujahedeen Jaysh al-Nasr[79] Jaish al-Tahrir 21st Combined Force 16th Division[80] (until 2016) al-Moutasem Brigade[81][82] Hamza Division[83] Northern Thunder Special Forces Brigade[84][84] First Division of Aleppo[85] Northern Hawks Brigade[86] Victory Brigades Jaish al-Izzah[87] 1st Coastal Division Ahmad al-Abdo Martyrs Forces Liberation Brigade faction[88] New Syrian Army Ghosts of the Desert[89] Jaysh Usud al-Sharqiya Liwa Ahfad Saladin Central Division[90] Alotfecat Brigades[91] 93rd Regiment[92] Firqat al Amiyn al Uwlaa Halab[93] Martyr Badr Yasturun Brigade[94] Army of Conquerors[95][96] Kurdish Revolutionary Brigade[97][98] Ajnad al-Hasakah[99] Thuwar al-Jazira al-Suriya[100] Saraya al-Qadisiya[100] Brigade 93[101] al-Jabha al-Suriyya lil-Tahrir[102] al-Habib al-Mustafa Brigade[103][104] Liwa al-Adiyat[105][106] Secret Tasks Brigade[107] Deterring the Oppressors Brigades[108][109][110] Homs Liberation Movement[111][112] al-Fatah Brigade[90] Jaysh al-Janoob[113] Alwiyat al-Jonub[114][115] Army of Free Tribes[116][117] al-Fawj al-Awal[118] Non-FSA-affiliated rebel groups Ahrar al-Sham Abu Amara Brigades Jaysh al-Islam Sham Legion[119] Harakat Nour al-Din al-Zenki Liwa Ahrar Souriya Ansar al-Sham Jabhat Ansar al-Islam Jaysh al-Sunna Ashida'a Mujahideen Brigade[120] Suqour al-Sham Brigade Ajnad al-Sham Islamic Union[121] Criterion Brigades Ahrar al-Sharqiya[122][123] al-Safwa Islamic Battalions[124][125][126][127][128][129] Abina al-Sham[130][131][132] Allied armed groups: Grey Wolves[133][134][135] Muslim Brotherhood Muslim Brotherhood of Syria[136] Shields of the Revolution Council Hamas[137][138] (2012-2013) Aknaf Bait al-Maqdis (until 2015) Free Iraqi Army (2012)[139][140][141] Joint operations rooms:[142] Army of Conquest Fatah Halab[143][144] Jaysh al-Halab Hawar Kilis Operations Room[145] Northern Homs Countryside Operations Room[146][147] North Hama Countryside Operations Room[148] Jaish Al-Fustat[149] Damascus Operations Room[106] Armament support:  Qatar[150][151]  Saudi Arabia[150][152]  Turkey  United States[153][154]  France[155]  Libya (until 2014)[156] CJTF-OIR (against ISIL)  United States US Air Force [157][158] United States Special Operations Command  Turkey (against ISIL and SDF) Turkish Army Turkish Air Force Turkish Special Forces Current and former al-Qaeda affiliates Jabhat Fateh al-Sham Jund al-Aqsa Jaish al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar Khorasan group Imam Bukhari Jamaat[159] Jaish Muhammad[160] Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad[161] Jamaat al-Murabitin[162][163][164][165] Jabhat Ansar al-Din[166] Harakat Sham al-Islam Harakat Fajr ash-Sham al-Islamiya Ajnad al-Kavkaz[167][168] Junud al-Makhdi[169][170] Ghuraba al-Sham[171] (2013) Fatah al-Islam[172][173][174] Caucasus Emirate[175] Muhajirin wa-Ansar Alliance[176] Liwaa al-Umma (until 2015) Liwa al-Haqq Junud al-Sham (until 2016)[177] Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan[178] (2013) Turkistan Islamic Party[179] Ansar al-Islam splinter faction[180] Alleged support:  Qatar[181][182][183]  Saudi Arabia[182][183]  Turkey[182][184] (until October 2016)[185]	Syrian Democratic Forces People's Protection Units (YPG) Anti Terror Units (YAT)[186] Al-Baggara tribe militias [187] Women's Protection Units (YPJ) Shammer tribe militias[188] Al-Sanadid Forces Al-Nukhbat Brigade[189][190][191][192] Army of Revolutionaries Northern Sun Battalion Manbij Turkmen Brigade[193] Euphrates Brigades Jund Al-Haramayn Brigade Euphrates Martyrs Battalion Al-Qousi Brigade Martyr Kaseem Al Areef Battalion Jabhat al-Akrad Martyr Jiyan Ahras Battalion (Shabha Women Protection Front)[194][195] Seljuq Brigade[196][197] Tel Rifaat Rebel Battalion 99th Infantry Brigade Quwat al-Ashair (Tribal Forces)[36][198][199][200][198] Northern Democratic Brigade[201] Jabhat Thuwwar al-Raqqa Katibat Harayir Raqqa[202] Raqqa Hawks Brigade[203][204] Raqqa Martyrs Brigade[203][204] Owais al-Qarani Brigade remnants[205] Liwa Suqur ar-Raqqa[206] Shoheda Hamam Turkman Brigade[203] Free Officers Union Al Sahba Brigade[207] Liberation Brigade faction[88] Liwa Ahrar al-Raqqa Ahrar al-Tabqa Brigade Umanaa al-Raqqa Brigade Harun al-Rashid Brigade Tall Abyad Revolutionaries[206] Manbij Revolutionary Brigades Euphrates Liberation Brigade Euphrates Jarabulus Brigades[208][209] Free Jarabulus Brigades[210] Jarabulus Hawks Brigades[210] Jarabulus Brigade Al-Qassas Army Female Battalion (al-Bab Military Council)[211] Al-Bab Revolutionary Front Qebasîn Martyrs Brigade Al-Bab Countryside Martyrs Battalion Free Arima Battalion Martyr Silo al-Rai Brigade Kieba Martyrs Brigade New Syrian Forces remnants Lîwai 99 Muşat[212] Brigade Groups of Al-Jazira[213] al-Shaitat tribe militias [214] Syriac Military Council (MFS)[215] Bethnahrin Women Protection Forces[216][217][218][219] Liwa Siqur el-Badiye Sharabiyya tribe militias[220] Zubayd tribe militias[221] Police forces Asayish[222] SWAT Units (HAT) Sutoro[223] Civilian defence units Self-Defense Forces (HXP)[224] Civilian Defense Force (HPC)[225] Allied armed groups: Kurdistan Workers' Party People's Defence Forces Free Women's Units International Freedom Battalion[226][227] MLKP[228][229] TKP/ML TİKKO United Freedom Forces MLSPB-DC[230] Revolutionary Communard Party Türkiye Devrim Partisi Sosyal İsyan[231][232] Proleteryanın Devrimci Kurtuluş Örgütü Reconstrucción Comunista TKEP/L Devrimci Karargâh Bob Crow Brigade Henri Krasucki Brigade RUIS TKP-Kıvılcım Yekîtî Party Sinjar Resistance Units [233] Euphrates Knights Brigade[234] Iraqi Kurdistan Peshmerga (2014) Military councils: Manbij Military Council[235] al-Bab Military Council[236][237] Jarabulus Military Council[210][238][239] Armament support: Iraqi Kurdistan Kurdistan Democratic Party (2012-14)[240] Patriotic Union of Kurdistan[240]  France[241]  United States[242]  Russia[243][244]  Syria[245][246][247][248][249][250]  Czech Republic[251] CJTF-OIR (against ISIL)  United States[252]  United Kingdom[253]  France[254]  Australia[255]  Canada[256]  Denmark[257][258]  Netherlands[259]  Belgium[260]  Germany[261]  Jordan  United Arab Emirates  Morocco  Bahrain  Saudi Arabia  Qatar  Russia[262][263][264][265][266][267] (against ISIL and Syrian Opposition) Russian Air Force	Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Military of ISIL Khalid ibn al-Walid Army[268] Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade (until 2016)[269][270][271] Islamic Muthanna Movement (until 2016)[272] Jaysh al-Jihad (until 2016)[273] Dokumacılar[274][275] Jamaat Bayt al-Maqdis al-Islamiya[276]

Military situation in the Syrian Civil War as of 5 September 2016.

  Controlled by Syrian Government forces

  Controlled by Syrian Democratic Forces (Rojava)

  Controlled by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

  Controlled by al-Nusra Front

  Controlled by Syrian opposition forces

(For a more detailed map, see Cities and towns during the Syrian Civil War)

Notes

• The United States alleges that Belarus has provided or attempted to provide direct military support to the Syrian government. Belarus denies this.^[277] There are also unconfirmed rumours that Algeria is providing military support to Syria.^[278]
• There is regular conflict between various rebel groups such People's Protection Units coordinating with some Free Syrian Army groups and fighting against another.^[279] In the Rebel–ISIS conflict, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant has been fighting the Free Syrian Army, al-Nusra Front and associated groups. Jund al-Aqsa has declared its neutrality in this particular conflict, spuring accusations of pro-ISIS ideology.^[176]
• Jund al-Aqsa was allied with al-Nusra Front and other rebels as part of the Army of Conquest, which the group left in October 2015 and subsequently was accused of being allied with ISIL, taking part in ISIL-led offensives such as the 2016 Khanasir offensive. However, Jund al-Aqsa again worked the Army of Conquest and other rebels during the 2016 Southern Aleppo campaign. Eventually most of Jund al-Aqsa joined al-Nusra.
• Members of the Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria^[280] as well as the Kurdish Freedom Party have on occasion clashed with the People's Protection Units, the armed wing of the Democratic Union Party.^[281]
• The Kurdish National Council has joined the Syrian National Coalition—though without officially committing any military forces to the opposition—while simultaneously retaining its membership in the Kurdish Supreme Committee, alongside the PYD.^[282]
• Egypt changed its position on this conflict from support for the opposition to neutrality after the 2013 Egyptian coup.^[283]
• Canada withdrew jet fighters from the US-led coalition against ISIL on 15 February 2016.^[284]
• Turkey is part of the CJTF–OIR against ISIL, but does not support the SDF and is in a border conflict with it.^[285][286]

See also

• List of armed groups in the Iraqi Civil War
• Spillover of the Syrian Civil War
• Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War
• Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars

References

1. "Syrian regime arms Arab tribes in Hasakah, Kurds express fears". ARA News. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
2. "Syrian Ba'ath militia commander goes rags-to-riches". Al Monitor. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
3. "Analysis: A revolution is taking place in Syria's Palestinian camps". politics.co.uk. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
4. Aymenn Al-Tamimi (13 November 2013). "The Druze Militias of Southern Syria". Retrieved 18 November 2013.
5. Nour Samaha (28 March 2016). "The Eagles of the Whirlwind". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 31 March 2016.
6. "News Update 5-11-15: Reports of Amal Movement sending fighters to Syria". Syria Direct. 11 May 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2016.
7. "National Guard: A new faction of the Arab Mercenaries after the exposure of the Persian Project". TelevisionOrient. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
8. "A Case Study of "The Syrian Resistance," a Pro-Assad Militia Force". Syria Comment. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
9. "Jabhat al-Nusra and the Druze of Idlib Province". Aymen Jawad. 24 January 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
10. "Treasury Sanctions Al-Nusrah Front Leaders, Militia Groups in Syria". usembassy.gov. Retrieved 11 January 2016.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
11. "Syria rebels clash with army, Palestinian fighters". Agence France-Presse. 31 October 2012.
12. "Overview of some pro-Assad Militias". Syria Comment.
13. "Palestinians in Syria Are Reluctantly Drawn Into Vortex of Uprising". The New York Times. 30 June 2012. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
14. "Syrian war widens Sunni-Shia schism as foreign jihadis join fight for shrines". The Guardian. 4 June 2013. Archived from the original on 4 June 2013. Retrieved 7 June 2013.
15. Phillip Smyth (8 March 2016). "How Iran Is Building Its Syrian Hezbollah". The Washington Institute. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
16. "Iran mourns 7 Afghans killed fighting for Damascus ally". Daily Star Lebanon. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
17. "The Zainabiyoun Brigade: A Pakistani Shiite Militia Amid the Syrian Conflict". Jamestown Foundation. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
18. Phillip Smyth (13 January 2014). "Hizballah Cavalcade: Faylak Wa'ad al-Sadiq: The Repackaging of an Iraqi "Special Group" for Syria".
19. Racha Abi Haidar (12 February 2014). "The Deal in Yarmouk: End of the Tragedy or Empty Words?". Al Akhbar. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
20. Omar al-Jaffal Contributor; Iraq Pulse (29 October 2013). "Iraqi Shiites Join Syria War". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
21. Smyth, Phillip (11 May 2013). "Hizballah Cavalcade: Roundup of Iraqis Killed in Syria, Part 1". Hizballah Cavalcade. Jihadology. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
22. al-Salhy, Suadad (10 April 2013). "Iraqi Shi'ite militants start to acknowledge role in Syria". Reuters. Archived from the original on 12 April 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
23. "Report: Yemen Houthis fighting for Assad in Syria". Jerusalem Post. 31 May 2013.
24. "New militia battles Islamist rebels near Damascus". Associated Press. 8 February 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
25. Bahaa, Jafra. "Shiite militia massacre in Nabek... Rape, killing and burning". Al Arabiya. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
26. "Hizballah cavalcade: Liwa'a Zulfiqar; Birth of a new Shia militia in Syria?". Jihadology. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
27. "Pro-regime militias in Syria". AFP. 25 September 2015. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
28. "Bahraini group 'among militias backing Assad'". Retrieved 4 December 2016.
29. Kat,Iskander (1 August 2012). "Syria rebels to target intel, as Assad hails army". The Daily Star. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
30. "Syrian MP killed publicly by FSA firing squad". Al Jazeera. 1 August 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
31. Heras, Nicholas. "The tribal factor in Syria's rebellion". Fair Observer. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
32. Muhammad, Bishwa. "Pro-Assad militants storm houses of Kurdish activists in Hasakah". ARA News. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
33. Who are the pro-Assad militias in Syria? Middle East Eye, 25 September 2015
34. Szakola, Albin. "New Syria group vows to "resist" Turkish military incursion". Retrieved 24 November 2016.
35. Tomson, Chris (29 November 2016). "Syrian Army captures first village from Turkish-backed rebels on the outskirts of al-Bab". Retrieved 4 December 2016.
36. "Syrian Rebellion Obs on Twitter". Retrieved 4 December 2016.
37. Strømmen, Øyvind (November 2013). "Assad's far-right Europe corps?". Vice. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
38. "Syria: Greek Nationalist Socialists fighting with Assad's regime far more dangerous than Golden Dawn - Anarkismo". Retrieved 24 November 2016.
39. "The Last Battle of the "Slavonic Corps"". Interpreter Mag (Translation of 'Fontanka'). Who we are fighting for - This was never understood. "When they spoke to us in Russia, they explained that we were going on a contract with the Syrian government, they convinced us that everything was legal and in order. Like, our government and the FSB were on board and involved in the project. When we arrived there, it turned out that we were sent as gladiators, under a contract with some Syrian or other, who may or may not have a relationship with the government… That meant that we were the private army of a local kingpin.
40. "The last battle of the Slavic Corps". Fontanka. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
41. "Rockets hit south Beirut after Hezbollah vows Syria victory". Reuters. 26 May 2013. Archived from the original on 31 December 2013.
42. Saeed Kamali Dehghan (28 May 2012). "Syrian army being aided by Iranian forces". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 28 May 2012.
43. Daftari, Lisa (28 August 2012). "Iranian general admits 'fighting every aspect of a war' in defending Syria's Assad". Fox News.
44. "State Dept. official: Iranian soldiers are fighting for Assad in Syria". Washington Post. 21 May 2013.
45. Sharon, Jeremy (19 January 2015). "Report: Six Iranians killed in Israeli strike in Syria, including Revolutionary Guards general". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
46. "Iran: Three IRGC members killed in Syria fighting for Assad regime". Foreign Affairs Committee of the National Council of Resistance of Iran. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
47. Neriah, Jacques (29 May 2013). "Iranian forces on the Golan?". Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
48. Gold, Dore (9 June 2013). "The Arab world fears the 'Safavid'". Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
49. Gordon, Michael R. & Myers, Steven Lee (21 May 2013). "Iran and Hezbollah support for Syria complicates peace-talk strategy". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
50. "IRGC Special Forces officer's death highlights involvement in Syria - FDD's Long War Journal". Retrieved 24 November 2016.
51. Reuters Editorial (4 April 2016). "Iranian commandos deployed to Syria as advisers: officer". Reuters. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
52. "Vladimir Putin confirms Russian military involvement in Syria's civil war". Telegraph.co.uk. 4 September 2015. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
53. "Russian special forces active in Syria, give recon & targeting for warplanes, general confirms". RT International.
54. Reuters Editorial (24 March 2016). "Russia's special forces officer killed in Syria: Interfax". Reuters.
55. Thomas Gibbons-Neff (29 March 2016). "How Russian special forces are shaping the fight in Syria". Washington Post.
56. "The Three Faces of Russian Spetsnaz in Syria". War on the Rocks.
57. Richard Galpin (10 January 2012). "Russian arms shipments bolster Syria's embattled Assad". BBC News. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
58. "Russian military presence in Syria poses challenge to US-led intervention". The Guardian, 23 December 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
59. "Assad: Iran is sending arms to Syria". Al Arabiya News. 16 September 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
60. Ryall, Julian (6 June 2013). "Syria: North Korean military 'advising Assad regime'". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
61. "North Korea violating sanctions, according to UN report". The Telegraph. 3 July 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
62. "Report: Iran, North Korea Helping Syria Resume Building Missiles". Retrieved 18 November 2014.
63. "It looks like Iraq has joined Assad's side in the Syrian war". Business Insider. Retrieved 16 February 2014.
64. "Egyptian pilots flying Russian choppers in Syria". DEBKAfile. 26 November 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2016.
65. "Egyptian military helping Assad forces". Middle East Monitor. 24 November 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2016.
66. "Belarus...has supplied weapons to Syrian President Bashar al-Assad's regime". Buzzfeed.
67. "China enters fray in Syria on Bashar al-Assad's side". Retrieved 2016-10-03.
68. "أبطال المجاهدين داخل قرية كرسنلي بعد طرد تنظيم داعش منها ضمن معركة #درع_الفرات". Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror Brigade on Twitter. 4 September 2016.
69. "Syrian Civil War factions". Google Docs. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
70. "Is there a merger in E Ghouta? Need help, can't read Arabic • /r/syriancivilwar". Retrieved 24 November 2016.
71. "Recent split in Faylaq al-Rahman • /r/syriancivilwar". Retrieved 24 November 2016.
72. "Syrian Rebellion Obs on Twitter". Retrieved 24 November 2016.
73. "New rebel group formed in Idlib". AMN. 20 September 2016.
74. "FSA 13th brigade field commander killed in clashes with IS north Aleppo". Stork on Twitter. 18 September 2016.
75. "August 24, 2016". Daesh Daily. 25 August 2016.
76. "Mountain Hawks Brigade withdraw from Euphrates Shield and head to Aleppo". ARA News. 17 September 2016.
77. "Liwa Fursan Al-Haqq unite with Division 101 to form "Northern Division" : syriancivilwar". reddit.
78. "The 101 infantry division & Liwa Fursan al Haq fully merge under the name of The Northern Division . : syriancivilwar". reddit.
79. "Idleb, Hama Rebels Unite Under 'Army of Victory' Operations Room". The Syrian Observer.
80. "BosnoSinj on Twitter". Twitter.
81. "Al-Moutasem Brigade: An American Backed FSA Group in Northern Aleppo". The OSINT Blog. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
82. لواء المعتصم. Retrieved 8 April 2016 – via YouTube.
83. "فرقة الحمزة". Retrieved 11 May 2016.
84. "Rao Komar on Twitter". Retrieved 24 November 2016.
85. "فرقة حلب الأولى - The first band of Aleppo". First Division of Aleppo on Facebook. 18 September 2016.
86. FSA Suqur al-Shmal commander Ahmad Kheiriye was killed in clashes with IS in north Aleppo #EuphratesShield
87. جيش العزة. Retrieved 8 April 2016 – via YouTube.
88. "Thomas van Linge on Twitter". Retrieved 24 November 2016.
89. "The Ghosts of the Desert: Fighting ISIS from within". Rao Kumar. Conflict News. 12 August 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
90. hasanmustafas (8 May 2015). "The Moderate Rebels: A Growing List of Vetted Groups Fielding BGM-71 TOW Anti-Tank Guided Missiles". Retrieved 1 September 2016.
91. "Ivan Sidorenko on Twitter". Retrieved 19 June 2016.
92. "الفوج 93". Retrieved 19 June 2016.
93. "every syrian". Retrieved 19 June 2016.
94. "أحرار الشرقية (@dI9Xd2We75kluid) - Twitter". Retrieved 19 June 2016.
95. "Hama - "Conquerors in the land of Sham Army" Announce the Capture of Sukayk Village. : syriancivilwar". reddit. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
96. "Bosno Sinjić". Twitter. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
97. "Kyle W. Orton on Twitter". Retrieved 19 June 2016.
98. "The formation of the "Kurdish rebels batallions" in aleppo. Aims to fight both SAA and SDF/YPG • /r/syriancivilwar". Retrieved 19 June 2016.
99. "New founded FSA group called "Sons of #Hasaka" declare to free province from YPG & IslamicState • /r/syriancivilwar". Retrieved 24 November 2016.
100. "Syrian Rebellion Obs on Twitter". Retrieved 24 November 2016.
101. "Announcement of formation of FSA Brigade 93 in rural Idlib : syriancivilwar". reddit. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
102. "Translation: the Formation of the Syrian Revolutionary Command Council". 3 August 2014. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
103. Foundation, Thomson Reuters. "A member of the "Al-Habib al-Mustafa" Brigades rides a horse during graduation ceremony for rebel fighters at a camp in eastern al-Ghouta". Retrieved 1 September 2016.
104. "Brigades and battalions of Al-Habib Al-Mustafa - Facebook". Retrieved 1 September 2016.
105. "Security Check Required". Retrieved 8 April 2016.
106. Albin Szakola (7 April 2016). "Rebels say killed top bodyguard of Syrian first lady". Retrieved 8 April 2016.
107. Szakola, Albin. "Rebels say killed top bodyguard of Syrian first lady". Retrieved 1 September 2016.
108. Albin Szakola (20 April 2016). "Shadowy rebels conducting Damascus assassinations". Retrieved 11 May 2016.
109. "Security Check Required". Retrieved 11 May 2016.
110. "First media release of "Saraya rad`i al thalimin" Group which operates undercover in regime territory in which they show some military personell and commanders they assasinated in Damascus. • /r/syriancivilwar". Retrieved 1 September 2016.
111. "Declaration of the Homs Liberation Movement". الثورة الديمقراطية، الطراز السوري Democratic Revolution, Syrian Style.
112. "Julian Röpcke". Twitter. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
113. "New FSA alliance formed in southern Syria". mmedia.me. 26 October 2015.
114. "merger of (15) #FSA rebel groups in South #Syria Via @ShamiRebel New group: "Alwiyat al-Jonub" the "Southern Brigades" : syriancivilwar". reddit. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
115. "#Syria, Daraa, an important unified army is born". YALLA SOURIYA. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
116. "Jordan-backed tribesmen supporting FSA offensive". 4 December 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
117. "15 factions in Southern Syria unite under the name 'Southern Brigades' : syriancivilwar". reddit. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
118. "الفوج اﻷوّل". Retrieved 11 May 2016.
119. "The Sham Legion: Syria's Moderate Islamists". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 15 April 2014. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
120. "Izat Savetheplanet on Twitter". Retrieved 24 November 2016.
121. Lund, Aron (6 January 2014). "Pushing Back Against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant: The Path to Conflict". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
122. "What is the relationship between Nusra Front and Ahrar al Sharqiya , who is Abu Maria al-Qahtani and can we still call Jabhat al-Nusra al Qaeda ? : syriancivilwar". reddit. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
123. "Syrian Rebellion Obs". Twitter. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
124. "Militant groups announce their integration into "Al-Safwa Islamic Battalions"". 31 March 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
125. "#Syria, Infographic (ar) #FSA Al Safwa islamic battalions". 31 March 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
126. "Tawhid Brigade dismisses 6 battalions over shariah breaches SYRIA NEWS - ZAMAN ALWSL". Retrieved 19 June 2016.
127. "After the recent merger of FSA factions, commander of FSA's Al-Safwa Battalions explains: unity has become a necessity - المكتب الإعلامي لقوى الثورة السورية". 2 April 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
128. المكتب الإعلامي الموحد (8 December 2015). "غرفة عمليات مارع-- استهداف تحصنات داعش بقرية اسنبل بريف حلب الشمالي بقذائف الهاون.". Retrieved 19 June 2016 – via YouTube.
129. المكتب الإعلامي الموحد (3 February 2016). "فتح حلب-- أكثر من 100 قتيل لعصابات الأسد بمحيط قرية معرستة لمحاولتهم اقتحام القرية وتصدي الثوار لهم.". Retrieved 19 June 2016 – via YouTube.
130. "أبناء الشام". Retrieved 19 June 2016.
131. "أبناء الشام (@abnaasham) - Twitter". Retrieved 19 June 2016.
132. "آبناء الشام". Retrieved 19 June 2016.
133. "Генпрокуратуру попросили признать убившую пилота Су-24 группу террористической". Lenta. 30 November 2015.
134. "Grey Wolves take on black flag in Syria". Intelligence Online. 2 December 2015.
135. "Greek Defense Ministry confirms Russian Su-24M bomber was downed in Syrian airspace". TASS. 2 December 2015.
136. Sherlock, Ruth. "Muslim Brotherhood establishes militia inside Syria". The Telegraph. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
137. "'Military wing of Hamas training Syrian rebels'". The Jerusalem Post - JPost.com.
138. "Assad: Syria Has 'No Relation at All' with Hamas - Palestine Chronicle". Palestine Chronicle.
139. "INSIGHT: Iraq's Tensions Heightened by Syria Conflict". Middle East Voices (VOA). 29 November 2012.
140. "Free Iraqi Army inspired by Syria war". The Daily Star (Lebanon). 10 November 2012.
141. "Iraqis locked in rival sectarian narratives". BBC News. 21 November 2012.
142. "Syria Frontlines Update, October 9, 2015" (PDF). Carter Center. 9 October 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2016.
143. "archicivilians on Twitter". Twitter.
144. "Infographic: "Fatah Halab" Military Operations Room – Coalition of 31 Rebel factions - Syria". archicivilians. Archived from the original on 27 June 2015.
145. "Kutlat al-Nasr, "Victory Bloc", formed for Al-Bab operation • /r/syriancivilwar". Retrieved 24 November 2016.
146. "WinningLooksLike comments on FSA, Jabhat a-Nusra ally in north Homs ahead of expected Russian-backed offensive". Reddit.
147. "غ.ع ريف حمص الشمالي". twitter.com.
148. "Official statement listing groups involved in the 'North Hama Countryside Operations Room' - Jaish al-Nasr, Jaish al-Izza, Faylaq al-Sham, Abna al-Sham, Liwa Omar • /r/syriancivilwar". Retrieved 24 November 2016.
149. "Hassan Ridha". Twitter. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
150. Schmitt, Eric (21 June 2012). "C.I.A. Said to Aid in Steering Arms to Syrian Opposition". The New York Times.
151. Risen, James, Mazzetti, Mark & Schmidt, Michael S. (5 December 2012). "U.S. approved arms for Libya rebels fell into Jihadis' hands". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
152. El Deeb, Sarah (20 June 2013). "Rivalries complicate arms pipeline to Syria rebels". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
153. Hosenball, Mark (1 August 2012). "Exclusive: Obama authorizes secret U.S. support for rebels". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2012-08-02. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
154. Londono, Ernesto & Miller, Greg (12 September 2013). "U.S. weapons reaching Syrian rebels". The Washington Post. Retrieved 13 September 2013.
155. "Hollande confirms French delivery of arms to Syrian rebels". AFP. 21 August 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
156. Sherlock, Ruth. "Libya's new rulers offer weapons to Syrian rebels". The Telegraph. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
157. "Obama Authorizes Airstrikes to Defend Syrian Rebels If Attacked". Bloomberg. 3 August 2015.
158. "IS photo report on battle al Rai focus on US air support". Live UA Map. 7 April 2016.
159. "The Last Moments Of A Suicide Bomber In Syria". Retrieved 24 November 2016.
160. "Foreign fighter group pledges allegiance to Al Nusrah Front - The Long War Journal". Retrieved 1 September 2016.
161. "Uzbek group pledges allegiance to Al Nusrah Front - The Long War Journal". Retrieved 1 September 2016.
162. "ISIS deserters form new militia southern Syria - ARA News". ARA News. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
163. "Nasser Al-Halabi ح on Twitter". Retrieved 24 November 2016.
164. "Abu Khattab on Twitter". Retrieved 24 November 2016.
165. "Hassan Ridha on Twitter". Retrieved 24 November 2016.
166. "Syria Update: July 17 - 25, 2014". Institute for the Study of War Syria Updates. 25 July 2014. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
167. "Ajnad Kavkaz - From Chechnya To Syria". Retrieved 1 September 2016.
168. "Abu Bakr Shishani Now Fighting Alongside Ajnad al-Kavkaz In Latakia". 9 February 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
169. "More Detailed Information & Interview With Newly-Formed Tatar Group Junud Al-Makhdi Whose Amir Trained In North Caucasus With Khattab". 3 July 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
170. "Foreign jihadists advertise role in Latakia fighting - The Long War Journal". Retrieved 1 September 2016.
171. AFP (18 January 2013). "Raging clashes pit Syrian Kurds against jihadists". NOW.
172. O'Bagy, Elizabeth (September 2012). "Jihad in Syria" (PDF). Institute For The Study Of War. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
173. Lund, Aron (15 October 2012). "Holy Warriors". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
174. Baker, Aryn & Aysha, Rami (23 April 2013). "Lebanon's Most Wanted Sunni Terrorist Blows Himself Up in Syria". Ya Libnan. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
175. "Caucasus Emirate in Syria fighting in Aleppo - The Long War Journal". Retrieved 19 June 2016.
176. Aron Lund (27 January 2014). "The Other Syrian Peace Process". Carnegie Endowment for Peace. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
177. "Rao Komar on Twitter". Retrieved 24 November 2016.
178. "Pakistan Taliban set up camps in Syria, join anti-Assad war". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2013-07-14.
179. Weiss, Caleb (23 April 2015). "Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria involved in new Idlib offensive". Long War Journal.
180. Joscelyn, Thomas (7 August 2016). "Jihadists and other rebels claim to have broken through siege of Aleppo". Long War Journal.
181. Khalaf, Roula (17 May 2013). "How Qatar seized control of the Syrian revolution". FT Magazine.
182. Sengupta, Kim (12 May 2015). "Turkey and Saudi Arabia alarm the West by backing Islamist extremists the Americans had bombed in Syria". The Independent.
183. Porter, Gareth (23 May 2015). "Obama's failure on Saudi-Qatari aid to al-Qaeda affiliate". Middle East Eye.
184. "Syrian rebels accuse Turkey of Nusra tip off about US-trained fighters". Middle East Eye. 25 August 2015.
185. "Syria peace talks end in Lausanne without significant progress". Daily Sabah. 15 October 2016.
186. "Kurds Establish Anti Terror Units in Rojava". Kurdish Daily News. 28 March 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2016.
187. "Kovan Direj". Twitter. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
188. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. "Refworld - Kurdish Strategy Towards Ethnically-Mixed Areas in the Syrian Conflict". Refworld.
189. "Syrian opposition leader hails new coalition with Kurdish administration • /r/syriancivilwar". Retrieved 24 November 2016.
190. "Bosno Sinj". Twitter. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
191. "South Hasakah/North Deir Ezzor situation on April 28, 2016". agathocledesyracuse.com. 28 April 2016. Archived from the original on 31 May 2016.
192. Szakola, Albin. "New rebel force battling ISIS in northeast Syria". Retrieved 19 June 2016.
193. "Bulbajer comments on SDF groups form "Manbij Military Council" to liberate Manbij and surrounding countryside. YPG not included.". reddit. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
194. "تشكيل أول كتيبة عسكرية لنساء مناطق الشهباء - ANHA". Retrieved 1 September 2016.
195. ypj mediacenter (12 August 2016). "عفرين- اختتام دورة عسكرية لنساء مناطق الشهباء (كتيبة الشهيدة جيان احرص)". Retrieved 1 September 2016 – via YouTube.
196. "An Analysis of Jaish al-Thuwar (The Army of Revolutionaries) – A Component of the Syrian Democratic Forces". 16 November 2015. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
197. Gill, Bridget (16 December 2015). "Day: December 16, 2015 Opposition turmoil". peacefare.net. Retrieved 27 June 2016.
198. "Syrian Rebellion Obs on Twitter". Retrieved 4 December 2016.
199. "KurdisCat: 3 membres de Jabhat al Akrad i Quwat al-Ashair moren en combat contra l'IS al front d'al Bab". 4 December 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
200. "Syrian Rebellion Obs on Twitter". Retrieved 4 December 2016.
201. "Syrian Rebellion Obs on Twitter". Retrieved 24 November 2016.
202. "Jabhat Thuwar al-Raqqa forms new female branch "Katibat Harayir Raqqa" • /r/syriancivilwar". Retrieved 24 November 2016.
203. "Who is taking part in Ghadab al-Firat campaign? - ANHA". Retrieved 24 November 2016.
204. "Syrian Rebellion Obs on Twitter". Retrieved 24 November 2016.
205. Syria_Rebel_Obs (6 November 2016). "EXCLUSIVE SRO - Former leader of the main #Tabqa #FSA factions, Liwa Owais al-Qarni, entered Northern Federation days ago" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
206. "Syrian Rebellion Obs on Twitter". Retrieved 24 November 2016.
207. "Hamza Hemze حمزة‎ on Twitter". Retrieved 4 December 2016.
208. "Thomas van Linge on Twitter". Retrieved 1 September 2016.
209. "Jack Shahine on Twitter". Retrieved 1 September 2016.
210. "Pro-SDF Groups Set Up Jarablus Military Council, Warn Turkish-Backed Groups from Taking City". 22 August 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
211. "Inspired by Kurdish units, al-Bab Military Council creates all-female battalion - ARA News". 1 November 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
212. "ANF - Ajansa Nûçeyan a Firatê". Retrieved 1 September 2016.
213. KurdishQuestion.com. "Declaration of Establishment by Democratic Syria Forces". Retrieved 1 September 2016.
214. "400 Sheitat tribesmen joined U.S.-backed alliance to fight ISIS: sources". Syria News. 7 January 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
215. "Qandil Post report from Tal Hamis frontline". Retrieved 21 September 2014.
216. "Foundation of Bethnahrin Women Protection Forces (Syriac Military Council - MFS) • /r/syriancivilwar". Retrieved 19 June 2016.
217. "Bethnahrin Women Protection Forces Founded against ISIS". Retrieved 19 June 2016.
218. "Assyrian Female Fighters Joined Battlefronts Against ISIS in Northeastern Syria". Retrieved 19 June 2016.
219. "The revolutionaries of Bethnahrin: cooperation between Christians and Kurds - Links International Journal of Socialist Renewal". Retrieved 19 June 2016.
220. "The Battle for Syria's Al-Hasakah Province - Combating Terrorism Center at West Point". Archived from the original on 2015-04-02.
221. Heras, Nicholas. "The battle for Syria's al-Hasakah province". Combating Terrorism Center. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
222. Glioti, Andrea (7 May 2013). "Kurdish group gaining autonomy in northern Syria". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 12 August 2013.
223. "Die Welt: Die Christen in Syrien ziehen in die Schlacht". Die Welt (in German). 23 October 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
224. Rudaw (6 April 2015). "Rojava defense force draws thousands of recruits". Rudaw. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
225. "Rojava Dispatch Six: Innovations, the Formation of the Hêza Parastina Cewherî (HPC) - Modern Slavery".
226. País, Ediciones El (7 July 2015). "Two Spaniards arrested on return from fighting ISIS in Syria". EL PAÍS. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
227. "New Leftist 'Freedom Brigade' to Join Kurdish Forces in Rojava". www.telesurtv.net. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
228. Demir, Arzu (28 January 2015). "Preparations for international brigade in Rojava". Firat News Agency. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
229. "MLKP fighter: We will be at the front until Sinjar is liberated". Firat News Agency. 29 December 2014. Archived from the original on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
230. "Alper Çakas Enternasyonalist Özgürlük Taburu kuruldu". Hawar Haber Ajansı. 29 October 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
231. Anarquistas en Rojava http://325.nostate.net/tag/sosyal-isyan-social-rebellion/ Consultado el 22 de julio de 2016
232. Anarquistas ecologistas en Rojava (texto en turco) http://sosyalsavas.org/2015/02/rojava-ve-kobanedeki-yeniden-insaa-surecinde-anarsist-ve-ekolojist-gerillalar/ Consultado el 22 de julio de 2016
233. "Quentin Sommerville on Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved 2016-06-28.
234. Syria_Rebel_Obs (27 December 2015). "INFORMATION - Dozens of young men from #Manbij, in #FSA Liwa Fursan al-Furat, involved in clashes in Tishreen" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
235. Syrian rebels form military council to combat ISIS in Manbij مجلس منبج العسكري يطلق عملياته ضد داعش. 3 April 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2016 – via YouTube.
236. "Dr Partizan on Twitter". Retrieved 1 September 2016.
237. "Military council created for liberation of al-Bab • /r/syriancivilwar". Retrieved 1 September 2016.
238. "ANF - Ajansa Nûçeyan a Firatê". Retrieved 1 September 2016.
239. "Jarablus Military Council announced by groups within the Syrian Democratic Forces". Retrieved 1 September 2016.
240. Irish, John (13 November 2013). "Syrian Kurdish leader claims military gains against Islamists". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2013-11-14. Retrieved 13 November 2013.
241. "France will keep delivering arms to Kurdish Syrian rebels to fight Islamic State group". Fox News. Archived from the original on 2014-10-19.
242. "US to arm Syrian Kurds, rebel groups fighting IS - Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 2016-06-28.
243. "Rusya YPG'ye silah indirdi". Sabah. 30 November 2015.
244. "Russia resumes dropping ammunition to PYD". Yeni Safak. 2 December 2015.
245. Coleman, Luke (5 March 2015). "Assad: We Armed Kurds Before International Coalition". basnews.com. Archived from the original on 3 April 2015.
246. "Syrian President Bashar al-Assad accused of arming Kurdish separatists for attacks against Turkish government". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2012-08-12.
247. "Assad regime says it will continue to provide weaponry, money to Kurds". DailySabah. 20 April 2015.
248. "Syria regime, Kurds join to fight IS in Hasakeh". Yahoo News. 20 July 2015.
249. "Esad yönetimi ve Kürtler birbirine nasıl bakıyor?". BBC Türkçe. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
250. "Rojava: PYD-Führer für Bündnis mit Assad". Retrieved 19 June 2016.
251. "News of arrests of YPG-linked Czechs shocks Turkey". Al-Monitor. 17 November 2016.
252. "Airstrikes 'Successful' Against ISIS Targets in Syria, US Military Says". American Broadcasting Company.
253. "UK launches first Syria air strikes". BBC.
254. "France launches new wave of air strikes on IS group targets in Syria's Raqqa". France 24.
255. Coorey, Phillip. "Australia to take 12,000 refugees, boost aid and bomb Syria". Australian Financial Review. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
256. "ISIS mission: Canadian air strikes in Syria expected in 'short order'". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 2 April 2015.
257. "Denmark tells U.N. it has trained radar on Syria". Reuters. 18 January 2016.
258. "Denmark to expand military mission against Islamic State into Syria". Reuters. 4 March 2016.
259. "Netherlands to Extend Airstrikes Against Islamic State Into Syria". Wall Street Journal. 29 January 2016.
260. Barnes, Julian (13 May 2016). "Belgium Plans to Carry Out Airstrikes in Syria Against Islamic State". Wall Street Journal.
261. Barkin, Noah (26 November 2015). "Germany will send Tornado jets to Syria, lawmaker confirms". Reuters.
262. "Activists and a rebel commander say Kurdish fighters have launched an attack in northern Syria under the cover of Russian airstrikes to try and capture a military air base held by insurgents". US News. 10 February 2016.
263. "Russia cooperates with PYD against ISIL". TodaysZaman. 9 October 2015. Archived from the original on 29 October 2015.
264. "Russian support for PKK's Syrian arm PYD". Anadolu Agency.
265. "Kurds attack Turkish-backed Syrian opposition forces with Russian help". i24 News. 28 November 2015.
266. "YPG advances near Turkey's border". Rudaw Media Network. 28 November 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-12-08.
267. Wood, L. Todd (8 February 2016). "Russia supporting Kurdish groups in Syria to Turkey's detriment". Washington Times.
268. "Far from Raqqa and Fallujah, Syria rebels open new front against ISIL in the south". The National. 29 May 2016.
269. "Jabhat al-Nusra, IS clash in Daraa". Al Monitor. 16 December 2014. Retrieved 20 December 2014.
270. "Al-Nusra overtakes Hazm in Aleppo countryside". Al Monitor. 3 March 2015. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
271. "ISIS and Syria's Southern Front". Middle East Institute. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
272. "Islamic State raises flags over towns in Daraa after fierce battles". Middle East Eye.
273. ""جيش الجهاد".. هل هو خلايا نائمة لـ"داعش" في درعا والقنيطرة؟". Retrieved 9 May 2015.
274. "Dokumacılar grubu nedir?". medya365.com. 23 July 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-07-24.
275. "Suruç'u Kana Bulayan Bombacının da Emniyette Kaydı Varmış!". Haberler.com. 23 July 2015.
276. "Syria dissident groups still not united - Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
277. "Belarus denies US allegations on selling arms to Syria". Breaking News Network. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
278. Hussain, Ghaffar. "After the Arab Spring: Algeria's standing in a new world". The Commentator. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
279. "Syrian Kurds, rebels find common enemy in ISIS". Al Monitor. 27 March 2014. Retrieved 27 March 2014.
280. "Clashes Break Out Between Kurdish Groups In Syria". Al Monitor. 4 April 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
281. "Rival Kurdish Parties Clash in Syria". Al Monitor. 10 March 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
282. "PYD Leader Skeptical of Kurdish Agreement With Syrian Opposition". Rudaw.net. 9 March 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
283. "Syria's Bashar al-Assad finds a New Friend in Cairo". International Policy Digest. Archived from the original on 2014-09-06.
284. "Canadian Armed Forces cease airstrike operations in Iraq and Syria". Government of Canada. 17 February 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
285. "Turkey shells Kurdish positions in Syria for 2nd day". Retrieved 1 September 2016.
286. Editorial, Reuters. "Turkish forces shell Syrian air base captured by Kurds". Retrieved 1 September 2016.

External links

• Syrian Civil War factions
• Syrian rebel Factions by Bellingcat