The Ugly American

For other uses of the term, see Ugly American (disambiguation).
The Ugly American

First edition cover
Author Eugene Burdick
William Lederer
Country United States
Language English
Genre Political fiction
Set in Sarkhan
Published 1958 by Norton
Media type Print
Pages 285 pp
OCLC 287560
823.914
LC Class PS3562.E3

The Ugly American is a 1958 political novel by Eugene Burdick and William Lederer which depicts the failures of the U.S. diplomatic corps in Southeast Asia.

The book caused a sensation in diplomatic circles, and had major political implications. The Peace Corps was established during the Kennedy administration partly as a result of the book. It was one of the biggest bestsellers in the country, has been in print continuously since it appeared and is one of the most politically influential novels in all of American literature.

Background

Authors

William Lederer was an American author and captain in the U.S. Navy who served as special assistant to the commander in chief of US forces in the Pacific and Asian theater.

Eugene Burdick was an American political scientist, novelist, and non-fiction writer, and served in the Navy during World War II. The two met in the buildup to the War in Vietnam.[1]

The authors were disillusioned with the style and substance of America's diplomatic efforts in Southeast Asia. They sought to demonstrate through their writings their belief that American officials and civilians could make a substantial difference in Southeast Asian politics if they were willing to learn local languages, follow local customs and employ regional military tactics.

Historical and political

The book was very much a product of its times and historical context.

In 1958 the Cold War was in full force, pitting the two geopolitical giants, the United States and the Soviet Union, against each other for military and geopolitical influence and dominance. NATO and the Warsaw Pact divided Europe into two competing visions of the world, with the Western world viewing countries in the Eastern Bloc as behind an Iron Curtain with the failed Hungarian Revolution in 1956 confirming this. The nuclear arms race was underway with the US well ahead initially, but by 1955, the Soviets had exploded a hydrogen bomb and were beginning to catch up, sparking fears of nuclear armageddon. The Soviet launching of Sputnik into orbit in 1957 gave the Soviets a huge technological and propaganda victory and sparked a crisis of confidence in the United States and worries about falling behind technologically and militarily and concerns whether its education system was up to the job of competing with the Soviets. In Asia, the French had left Indochina in 1954 after their defeat at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu and this marked the beginning of U.S. involvement in Vietnam. The U.S. and the Soviets struggled for preeminence in the Third World through proxies in Latin America, Africa, and Asia. In the Middle East, the US feared the spread of Communism starting in Egypt and attempted to secure the region's most populous and politically powerful country for the West by guarantees of funding for construction of the Aswan Dam but it was eventually the Soviets who prevailed. Soviet diplomatic and political successes in the Third World left the West worried about losing one country after another to Communism[2] according to the domino theory evoked by President Dwight D. Eisenhower.

It was in this atmosphere of fear, mistrust, and uncertainty in the United States about Soviet military and technological might, and Communist Cold War political success in unaligned nations of the Third World that the novel was published in 1958, with immediate seismic impact.

1958 novel

The Ugly American is a 1958 political novel by Eugene Burdick and William Lederer. The Ugly American depicts the failures of the U.S. diplomatic corps, whose insensitivity to local language, culture, customs and refusal to integrate was in marked contrast to the polished abilities of Eastern Bloc (primarily Soviet) diplomacy and led to Communist diplomatic success overseas.[1] The book caused a sensation in diplomatic circles. John F. Kennedy was so impressed with the book that he sent a copy to each of his colleagues in the United States Senate. The book was one of the biggest bestsellers in the country, has been in print continuously since it appeared and is one of the most politically influential novels in all of American literature.[3]

Literary structure

Title

The title of the novel is a play on Graham Greene's 1955 novel The Quiet American[4]:17 and was sometimes confused with it.[1][excerpt 1]

The "Ugly American" of the book title refers to the book's hero, plain-looking engineer Homer Atkins, whose "calloused and grease-blackened hands always reminded him that he was an ugly man." Atkins, who lives with the local people, comes to understand their needs, and offers genuinely useful assistance with small-scale projects such as the development of a simple bicycle-powered water pump.[1]

Setting

The novel takes place in a fictional nation called Sarkhan (an imaginary country in Southeast Asia that somewhat resembles Burma or Thailand, but which is meant to allude to Vietnam) and includes several real people, most of whose names have been changed. The book describes the United States's losing struggle against Communism due to the ineptness and bungling of the U.S. diplomatic corps[5] stemming from innate arrogance and their failure to understand the local culture. The book implies that the Communists were successful because they practiced tactics similar to those of protagonist Homer Atkins.[1]

Category and structure

The book is categorized as fiction, and is written as a series of interrelated vignettes. It was originally commissioned by the publisher as a work of nonfiction, but was changed to a fictionalized novel at an editor's suggestion. The authors say in the introduction that the work represents "the rendering of fact into fiction."[1]

Plot summary

In one vignette, a Burmese journalist says "For some reason, the [American] people I meet in my country are not the same as the ones I knew in the United States. A mysterious change seems to come over Americans when they go to a foreign land. They isolate themselves socially. They live pretentiously. They are loud and ostentatious."[6]

The American Ambassador “Lucky” Lou Sears confines himself to his comfortable diplomatic compound in the capital. The Soviet ambassador speaks the local language and understands the local culture. He informs his Moscow superiors that Sears “keeps his people tied up with meetings, social events, and greeting and briefing the scores of senators, congressmen, generals, admirals, under secretaries of state and defense, and so on, who come pouring through here to ‘look for themselves.’” Sears undermines creative efforts to head off communist insurgency.

Characters in real life

According to an article published in Newsweek in May, 1959, the "real" "Ugly American" was identified as an International Cooperation Administration technician named Otto Hunerwadel, who, with his wife Helen, served in Burma from 1949 until his death in 1952. They lived in the villages, where they taught farming techniques, and helped to start home canning industries.[7]

Another of the book's heroes, Colonel Hillandale, appears to have been modeled on the real-life U.S. Air Force Lieutenant General Edward Lansdale, who was an expert in counter-guerrilla operations.[8]

Popularity

The book was serialized in The Saturday Evening Post in the Fall of 1958, and came out as a Book of the Month Club selection in October.[3]

The book became an instant bestseller, going through twenty printings from July to November 1958, remaining on the bestseller list for a year and a half, and ultimately selling four million copies.[3]

After the book had gained wide readership, the term "Ugly American" came to be used to refer to the "loud and ostentatious" type of visitor in another country, rather than the "plain looking folks, who are not afraid to 'get their hands dirty' like Homer Atkins" to whom the book itself referred.

Reviews

Given the mood of fear and uncertainty in the country at the time due to Sputnik and other perceived failures in the struggles of the Cold War, a book about diplomatic failures in Southeast Asia was well-aligned with the Zeitgeist and primed to catch attention. The book was lavishly praised in the San Francisco Chronicle, The New York Times Book Review, and the Chicago Tribune, with reviewers adding their own anecdotes about boorish behavior on the part of Americans abroad. A reviewer in Catholic World linked it to The Quiet American and said that the book was trying to answer some of the questions raised by Greene's book.

Reviews in some news or opinion publications reflected the varying opinions extant during the Cold War public debate. A reviewer in Time called it a "crude series of black-and-white-cartoons" while the Saturday Review, and The Nation also disapproved of overly simplistic characters.[4]:16

Impact

Contemporary reaction

The book was published in the waning days of the Eisenhower administration. Reportedly as a result of the book, Eisenhower ordered an investigation of the U.S. foreign aid program. As the presidential campaign of 1960 heated up, the issues raised in the book became a campaign issue for the Democratic Party.[4]:17

Presidential politics

Lasting impacts in the Kennedy administration included President Kennedy's national physical fitness program, his statement of America's willingness to "bear any burden" in the Third World, the founding of the Peace Corps, the build-up of American Special Forces, and emphasis on counterinsurgency tactics in fighting communists in South Vietnam.[3] According to British documentary film maker Adam Curtis, Senator and future U.S. President "John F. Kennedy was gripped by The Ugly American. In 1960, he and five other opinion leaders bought a large advertisement in The New York Times, saying that they had sent copies of the novel to every U.S. Senator, because its message was so important."[9]

President Lyndon Baines Johnson made reference to the term Ugly American in his Great Society speech to a 1964 university graduating class,[10] and it was by then used as a pejorative expression for generally offensive behavior by Americans abroad.[11]

Peace Corps

Senator Hubert Humphrey first introduced a bill in Congress in 1957 for the formation of a Peace Corps aimed primarily at development in the Third World, but "it did not meet with much enthusiasm"[12] and the effort failed. The Ugly American was published the following year. Senator Kennedy first mentioned the idea of creating a Peace Corps during his campaign for President in 1960[13] and in March 1961, two months after his inauguration, Kennedy announced the establishment of the Peace Corps.[14]

Criticism

Presidents, Senators, and Congressmen alluded to the book or quoted from it, either as commentary or to further their objectives, or to criticize it. Senator J. William Fulbright, powerful chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee, criticized the book from the Senate floor, declaring that it contained "phony" claims of incompetence, and that it was a follow-up to McCarthy era treason charges.[4]:17–18

Long-term impact

The title entered the English language for a type of character portrayed in the book. The book is one of the leading best-sellers in the nation's history, and one of a very few works of fiction that had a profound effect on American political debate and have had a lasting impact ; as such, it is in the same league as Uncle Tom's Cabin and The Jungle.[4]:15

The impact of the novel was long-lasting. Half a century after publication, the novel still appeared as a subject in major publications.

In 2009 an article appeared in The New York Times Book Review about the book's impact in the intervening decades since it was first published. The reviewer said, "[T]he book’s enduring resonance may say less about its literary merits than about its failure to change American attitudes. Today, as the battle for hearts and minds has shifted to the Middle East, we still can’t speak Sarkhanese."[1]

A 2011 book on Arab–American relations took its title in part from the book, recalled the sense of diplomatic bungling in Southeast Asia portrayed in the book, and pointed out that many Arab commentators likened American mistakes in Iraq to those in Southeast Asia.[15]

Lederer and Burdick later published a 1965 novel called Sarkhan, about the Communist threat and Washington politics in Southeast Asia.[16] After thousands of copies which had been available in bookstores seemed to disappear from the shelves, the authors became convinced that government agencies were behind an attempt to suppress the book. After a decade of unavailability, it was republished in 1977 under the title The Deceptive American.[17]

1963 film

The film version of the novel was made in 1963 and starred Marlon Brando as Ambassador Harrison Carter MacWhite. The Ugly American received mixed reviews and did poorly at the box office.[18]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ "Published in 1958, the book is often confused with another cold-war-era novel set in Southeast Asia, 'The Quiet American,' which appeared in 1955."

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Meyer, Michael (12 July 2009). "Still 'Ugly' After All These Years". Sunday Book Review. New York Times. Archived from the original on 2015-10-24. Retrieved 2015-05-27.
  2. ↑ Johnson, Claudia Durst; Johnson, Vernon Elso (2002). The Social Impact of the Novel: A Reference Guide. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 308. ISBN 978-0-313-31818-4. LCCN 2001055624. OCLC 144683798. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Hellmann, John (July 1983). "Vietnam as Symbolic Landscape: The Ugly American and the New Frontier". Peace & Change. Conference on Peace Research in History. 9 (2-3): 40–54. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0130.1983.tb00494. ISSN 1468-0130. Archived from the original on 6 January 2016. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Hellman, John (1986). American Myth and the Legacy of Vietnam. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-05878-0. OCLC 12052089. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
  5. ↑ Paul Hollander (1995). Anti-Americanism: Irrational and Rational. New Brunswick, N.J. USA: Transaction Publishers. p. 399. ISBN 978-1-4128-1734-9. OCLC 30701897. It was the highly popular message of the book that Americans abroad, and officials in particular, were both totally ignorant of local customs, social norms, and culture and cheerfully insensitive to the feelings and beliefs of the peoples they were seeking to patronize and defend from the communist threat. "The Ugly American" became a stereotype of the American abroad universally disliked. ...The novel also conveyed that the few Americans who were knowledgeable of and interested in foreign countries are systematically weeded out from foreign service. The novel's Ambassador Sears thinks of the natives as "little monkeys" and had no idea where the country was located in which he was given the job as a political reward. He was among the American officials described by one of the articulate natives as people who cannot grasp the power of ideas (unlike the communists) and who were sent over to "try to buy us like cattle".
  6. ↑ Lederer, William J; Burdick, Eugene (1958). The Ugly American. The Norton library. Norton. ISBN 9780393318678. LCCN 58007388. Retrieved 17 May 2015. p. 145
  7. ↑ Clifford, Robert L.; Hunerwadel, Helen B. (1996) [1993]. "Chapter 1: Burma Beginnings and Point Four". In Arndt, Richard T.; David Lee, Rubin. The Fulbright Difference. Fulbright Association series. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. pp. 20–24. ISBN 1-56000-085-6. Retrieved 18 July 2011.
  8. ↑ Blum, William (2003) [1st pub Zed:1986]. Killing Hope: US Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II. London: Zed Books. p. 125. ISBN 1-84277-368-2. OCLC 53391104. Retrieved 5 May 2016. By August, only days after the close of the [July 1954 Geneva] conference, the team was in place. Under the direction of CIA leading-light Edward Lansdale, fresh from his success in the Philippines, a campaign of military and psychological warfare was carried out against the Vietminh. (Lansdale's activities in Vietnam were later enshrined in two semi-fictional works, The Ugly American and The Quiet American.)
  9. ↑ How to kill a rational peasant
  10. ↑ Wikisource:The Great Society
  11. ↑ "Ugly American: Definition of Ugly American by Merriam-Webster". Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2015-05-18. an American in a foreign country whose behavior is offensive to the people of that country
  12. ↑ Humphrey, Hubert H (1991). The Education of a Public Man. p. 184. ISBN 9780816618972.
  13. ↑ "Remarks of Senator John F. Kennedy". Peace Corps. November 20, 2013 [1960]. Retrieved 2015-08-03.
  14. ↑ "Executive Order 10924: Establishment of the Peace Corps. (1961)". Ourdocuments.gov. Archived from the original on 2004-03-18. Retrieved October 16, 2011.
  15. ↑ El-Bendary, Mohamed (2011). The "ugly American" in the Arab Mind: Why Do Arabs Resent America?. Potomac Books, Inc. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-59797-673-2. OCLC 764650565. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
  16. ↑ Lederer, William J.; Burdick, Eugene (1965). Sarkhan. McGraw-Hill. OCLC 1061482.
  17. ↑ Lederer, William J; Burdick, Eugene (November 1977). The Deceptive American. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-08802-1. OCLC 3203901.
  18. ↑ "Top Grossing Films of 1963". 2013-09-06. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
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