Thirty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India
The Constitution (Thirty-eighth Amendment) Act, 1975 | |
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Parliament of India | |
An Act further to amend the Constitution of India. | |
Citation | 38th Amendment |
Territorial extent | India |
Enacted by | Lok Sabha |
Date passed | 23 July 1975 |
Enacted by | Rajya Sabha |
Date passed | 24 July 1975 |
Date assented to | 1 August 1975 |
Date commenced | 1 August 1975 |
Legislative history | |
Bill introduced in the Lok Sabha | The Constitution (Thirty-ninth Amendment) Bill, 1975 |
Bill citation | Bill No. 54 of 1975 |
Introduced by | H.R. Gokhale |
First reading | 22 July 1975 |
The Thirty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution (Thirty-eighth Amendment) Act, 1975, made the declaration of "The Emergency" final and conclusive. In particular it codified and enlarged the State's power to remove fundamental rights from its citizens during states of emergency.[1]
Introduced on 22 July 1975, the bill received presidential assent in ten days. The Amendment barred judicial review of proclamations of emergency whether made to meet external, internal, or financial threats (Article 360 for the latter). It also barred judicial review of overlapping emergency proclamations, or ordinances promulgated by the President or by governors, and of laws enacted during emergencies that contravened Fundamental Rights.[2]
Ratification
The Act was passed when it was more than half of the State Legislatures. State Legislatures that ratified the amendment are listed below:[3]
Did not ratify: |
References
- ↑ Henderson, Michael (Oct 1979). "Setting India's Democratic House in Order: Constitutional Amendments" (PDF). Asian Survey. University of California Press. 19 (10): 946–956. doi:10.1525/as.1979.19.10.01p0088g. Retrieved 2010-09-26.
- ↑ Austin, Granville (1999). Working a Democratic Constitution - A History of the Indian Experience. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. p. 319. ISBN 019565610-5.
- ↑ "Constitution Amendment in India" (PDF). Lok Sabha Secretariat. pp. 148–152. Retrieved 20 May 2015.