Thomas Percy, 1st Baron Egremont

Thomas Percy, 1st Baron Egremont (29 November 1422, in Leconfield, Yorkshire – 10 July 1460, at the Battle of Northampton) was the son of Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland and Lady Eleanor Neville, being made Lord Egremont in 1449. A northern baron, he became a leading figure in the internecine Percy-Neville feud, fighting at the Battle of Heworth Moor. When the Wars of the Roses began mid-decade, Egremont fought for the king on the Lancastrian side, being killed six years later at the battle of Northampton.

Early years

His youth was rarely peaceful; at the age of twenty five he was part of a force that engaged the tenants of the Archbishop of York, John Kemp in a physical confrontation (possibly to the disapproval of his father and elder brother, Henry, Lord Poynings,^[1] although it is equally possible that he began a 'propaganda campaign' against Kemp at the same time)^[2] outside the village of Stamford Bridge.^[3] Following the skirmish with the men of Beverley, he was subsequently imprisoned at York Castle- the direct result, it has been suggested of the Archbishop manipulating the jury and County Sheriff, whilst getting his own tenants released instead.^[4] It is possible that the king's clear support for the Archbishop, notwithstanding their position as one of the region's greatest magnatial families, was influential in their decision to later feud with the Percies rather than take it to the king for arbitration.^[5]

Conflict in the north was not only over local rivalries ; English relations with Scotland periodically descended into warfare throughout the Middle Ages, and the mid-fifteenth century was no exception.^[6] However, Egremont seems not to have been part of the campaign of October 1448, when his father the earl and his brother Lord Poyning's led an army of 6,000 men across the border only to be routed at the Battle of Sark; Poynings himself was captured, to be eventually ransomed by the Scots.^[7]

Lands and estates

Cockermouth, in Cumberland, held by Thomas Percy, was a traditional Percy Honour, as was that of Egremont; it is likely to have been due to his father's influence at court, as the earl of Northumberland was currently a Royal Councillor, and his connections with the king's chief minister Cardinal Beaufort^[8] that on 20 November 1449 he was made Lord Egremont by Letters Patent, drawing £10 per annum from the county revenues.^[9] This figure reflects the fact that Egremont was never to be a wealthy man; it has been calculated that the Percy Cumberland estates suffered a decline of 25% between 1416 and 1470.^[10] Equally diminishing to Egremont's income was the fact that the barony itself had been divided threeways through inheritances, and at least one-third of it- that of the Fitzwalter family- had been granted to the earl of Salisbury under a 40-year lease at the time of Thomas Percy's grant.^[11]

Percy-Neville feud

It is not certain exactly when the bad blood between the two families begun; A. J. Pollard has pointed out that they were cooperating together over parliamentary elections in 1449, and as late as 1453; indeed, the former husting was attended by Sir Thomas Percy shortly before his elevation to the peerage.^[12]

Ancestry

Ancestors of Thomas Percy, 1st Baron Egremont

16. Henry de Percy, 3rd Baron Percy               8. Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland                       17. Mary of Lancaster               4. Henry Hotspur Percy                             18. Ralph Neville, 2nd Baron Neville de Raby               9. Lady Margaret Neville                       19. Alice Audley               2. Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland                                   20. Roger Mortimer, 2nd Earl of March               10. Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March                       21. Lady Philippa Montagu               5. Lady Elizabeth Mortimer                             22. Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence               11. Philippa Plantagenet, 5th Countess of Ulster                       23. Elizabeth de Burgh, 4th Countess of Ulster               1. Thomas Percy, 1st Baron Egremont                                         24. Ralph Neville, 2nd Baron Neville de Raby = 18               12. John Neville, 3rd Baron Neville de Raby                       25. Alice Audley = 19               6. Ralph de Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland                             26. Henry de Percy, 2nd Baron Percy               13. Lady Maud Percy                       27. Idoine de Clifford               3. Lady Eleanor Neville                                   28. Edward III of England               14. John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster                       29. Philippa of Hainault               7. Lady Joan Beaufort                             30. Payne de Roet               15. Katherine Swynford

See also

• Percy-Neville feud
• Hundred Years' War
• Wars of the roses

Footnotes

1. http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/50235
2. Griffiths, R.A., The Reign of Henry VI (Berkeley, 1981), 579
3. http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/50235
4. Wilcock, R., 'Local Disorder in the Honour of Knaresborough, c. 1438-1461 and the National Context', Northern History, 41 (2004), 56
5. Griffiths, R.A., The Reign of Henry VI (Berkeley, 1981), 579
6. Sadler, J., Border Fury: England and Scotland at War, 1296-1568 (Harlow, 2006), 23-27
7. Historic Scotland, Inventory of Historic Battlefields- Sark 1448 (2013), 2-5
8. Griffiths, R.A., The Reign of Henry VI (Berkeley, 1981), 374 n. 132
9. http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/50235
10. Tuck, J.A.,'War and Society in the Medieval North', Northern History, 21 (1985), 42
11. Marsh, J.P., Landed Society in the far North-West of England c.1332-1461, unpublished PhD. thesis, University of Lancaster (2000), 33; for the FitzWalter's third of the barony, 127
12. Pollard, A.J., The North-East of England During Wars of the Roses: Lay Society, War and Politics, 1450-1500 (Oxford, 1990), 247