Three player mahjong

For other uses, see Mahjong (disambiguation).
Three player mahjong

A game of mahjong being played in Hangzhou, China
Three Player Mahjong
Players 3
Age range 12 years and older
Setup time 2–5 minutes
Playing time Dependent on variation and/or house/tournament rules. Fast. 5-15 min.
Random chance Yes
Skill(s) required Tactics, observation, memory, risk analysis

Three-player mahjong is a variation of mahjong for three players rather than the more common four player variations. It is not a mere adaption of four player mahjong to suit only three players but has its own rules and idiosyncrasies that place it apart from the more standard variations. The equipment used and the basic mechanisms are much like four player variations though some tiles are removed, certain plays are prohibited and the scoring system is simplified.[1] The game is embraced in some Asian countries while ignored or snubbed in others.

Three-player mahjong is played mostly in Japan, Korea and Malaysia. This article focuses on rules from the earlier two (Japan/Korea) while other variations are covered in the following section. The rules given below are the most commonly used rules in Korean/Japanese three player mahjong while optional house rules (extra rules which groups may opt to use) are listed afterwards. There are numerous possible house rules meaning three player mahjong can be as simple or complex as players prefer.

History

Three-player mahjong is probably as old as mahjong itself, though it is speculated that mahjong originated as a game for only two players.[2] Korean/Japanese Three Player Mahjong, played in east Asia is an amalgamation of Old Korean Mahjong rules (which traditionally omitted the bamboo suit and did not allow melded chows and had a very simple scoring system) with some elements of Japanese rules including sacred discard (a player cannot rob a piece to win if he discarded it before) and many bonus-points. Korean mahjong in the past included many elements of both traditional Chinese mahjong and the Japanese scoring system. The rules have changed and there are no standard rules, though this variation shown here reflects the old rules though adapted for modern three player play (as Koreans include some or all bamboo pieces now). An experienced player should be able to read the recap at the bottom of this section and understand the rules well. Non experienced players would need to read the following to understand the game.

Motivations

One of the motivations for playing with three players, is that finding a fourth may be difficult or that having one cancelling player (for a four player game) ruins the possibility of playing at all and thus knowing how to play three player mahjong means players can play, or always playing three player mahjong limits the likelihood of someone cancelling.[3] However, the dynamics of playing with three players is also a good motivation, especially when playing traditional Korean rules.

Rules

Three player Mahjong,[4] is based on the Korean version adding a few Japanese elements. It is well suited to three players, challenging and has various ways to score points.[5] The following is a basic presentation of the most commonly used rules with a list of the many variations afterwards.

Tiles

Three Player Mahjong is played with a standard mahjong set with several tiles removed. First, the north wind is removed. The 2-8 of bamboo is also removed. The four season tiles are also removed but the four flowers are kept. There are no jokers or any other extra tiles[6]

Circles or Dots Numbered 1 to 9

Characters Numbered 1 to 9

All Four of 1 and 9 bamboo are used with 2–8 removed

The East, South and West (North is omitted)

The White, Green and Red Dragons

The four flowers (there is only one of each)

The circles, characters and bamboo are called simple tiles (they are numbered 1 to 9 and only tiles 1 and 9 are used in the bamboo suit). Of the dragons and winds (called honours) there are three kinds of each with no numerical value. Of both simples and honours there are four matching tiles for each value (i.e. there are four red dragons and there are four II dots).

Deal

Dealing is the same as with Hong Kong Mahjong except the wall is smaller and four tiles are placed in the middle of the wall for flower replacements (explained below).

Object

The object of the game is for players to take turns picking up a new tile from the wall and discarding one until they have a legal hand. A legal hand consists of four sets and an eye. There are three different kind of sets.

Chow

A chow consists of three pieces in one suit (either circles or characters) in numerical sequence (i.e. 2-3-4 of dots or 5-6-7 of characters). It can only be made of circles or characters as the other suits have no numerical sequence. It is only of 3 pieces, not of 2 or 4.

Pong

A pong consists of three identical pieces of any tile (except flowers which are bonus tiles and are always set aside). An example would be three matching red dragons or three matching 2 dots.

Kong

A kong is a special consists of all four pieces of any tile. See below for the procedures for declaring a kong.

Eye

A legal hand consists of 4 sets (chows and or pongs/kongs) and an eye. The eye is a pair of tiles (two matching identical tiles) such as two Green Dragons or two 9 bamboo.

General play

Turns

Three players start with 13 tiles and the dealer with fourteen. The dealer begins by discarding one tile. All players must have only 13 tiles in their hand, not including flowers which are set aside nor the 4th piece of any kong they might have (which is considered an extra tile). Any Kong declared or flower set aside, is replaced by a tile from the wall. After the dealer discards, the next player picks the next available tile from the wall (going clockwise) and discards a tile. Play continues until a player forms a legal hand with the 14th tile drawn from the wall. Play may be interrupted for any of the following reasons

Stealing a pong

If a player can use an opponent's discard to complete a pong the player calls this out (before the next player in turn has a chance to draw from the wall). He or she picks up the discarded tile, reveals the two matching pieces in his or her hand and sets them down face up on the table in front of his hand and then discards a tile. Play continues with the next player (clockwise to the player who stole the pong) taking his turn and drawing a tile from the wall. A previously discarded tile cannot be used to make a pong (nor for any other reason) after the next player draws a tile from the wall meaning all discarded tiles beforehand are untouchable.

Stealing a kong

At any point during a players turn they may add a piece in their hand to a declared pong (a pong which was formed by stealing it from another players discar). The player adds it to the pong (placing three in a row and one on top of the one in the middle) and takes a tile from the wall to compensate for the extra fourth tile of the kong. If a player has four identical tiles, during his/her turn, they may reveal it to the other players in what is considered a concealed kong (placing two tiles upside down) and draws another tile from the wall to compensate for the fourth tile in the kong.

Robbing a kong

If a player declares a kong and another player needs that piece to make a chow and win the game, the player may declare so and "go mahjong" (win). It is called robbing the Kong. This does not occur often.

Winning from a discard

A player, lacking only one piece to form a legal hand (whether completing a chow, pong, eye or special hand) may steal the discard and wins (this takes precedence over any other players attempt to steal the tile. If two players can use the tile to go mahjong, the player with the most hand-points takes the tile. If their hands are equal, the player closest to the player who discarded the tile wins the hand.

Revealing kongs and flowers (clarified)

Revealing a kong

During a players turn (as mentioned above), at any point if they have all four of one tile, they may declare a hidden kong (meaning the 4th piece wasn't stolen). The player reveals the pieces to the opponents putting all four in a row with two face down and the middle two face up (as the other players have the right to know which tile there are now none left of). The player takes an extra piece from the "end" of the wall to make his hand complete and then may discard.

Turning a pong into a kong

During a players turn, if a pong has been stolen and they now have the fourth piece, they may add the fourth piece to the pong to form a kong. The player take an extra piece from the end of the wall.

Flowers

The moment a player picks up a flower they should announce so, put it to the side and take a replacement piece from the middle.

Irregularities (clarified)

Changes

No changes can be made to a pong or kong which has already been declared (it cannot be taken back to form anything else).

Stealing kongs

A discard cannot be stolen to add the fourth piece to a pong which has already been declared (stolen and revealed to the other players). This can only be formed by the player him or herself taking the 4th piece from the wall on his or her turn.

Two players claiming a discard to win

If two players both need a piece to win (or from robbing the kong which would be unspeakably rare) then the player who can form the hand with the most hand-points takes it and wins. If both players have the same hand-points, then the player with the most bonus-points takes it and wins. If this is also equal, then the player first clockwise to the player who discarded takes the tile and wins. Winning always takes precedence over forming a pong or kong. Two players cannot both steal a piece to form a pong or kong.

Stealing chows

Stealing chows are allowed in some versions of Mahjong but not in this version nor in Korean mahjong.

Mistakes

If it is noted that a player has 14 pieces in their hand (not including flowers or the 4th piece of a kong) after a discard (when it is not their turn) or for that matter more than fourteen or having 12 or less, if a player robs a piece but cannot form the right set, forgets to put aside a flower or has any other irregularity they are usually heavily punished. It depends on the house rules of each group of players. Serious flaws like having 14 pieces should involve having points deducted. Claiming to win mahjong while not having a legal hand should be seriously punished. Knocking over another players tile should be punished. Calling out the wrong name of a tile (while discarding) may be one of the worst offenses possible, especially if another player reveals that they could have stolen it.

Match

At the end of each hand, the dealership passes to the player clockwise. The dealer is always known as the east player and to his or her right as the south and the third player as west. These directions alternate with the dealer. Three games are known as a round. Each round is also named after a wind. The entire match last 3 sets of 3 hands (9 hands in total): The East round (three hands), South round (three hands) and west round (three hands). In each round, each player is dealer once playing in the East position (as dealer) once and the other players taking the south and west positions.

Example of a 9 hand game
Hand Number Prevailing Wind Player 1 Player 2 Player 3
1 East East (dealer) South West
2 East West East (dealer) South
3 East South West East (dealer)
4 South East (dealer) South West
5 South West East (dealer) South
6 South South West East (dealer)
7 West East (dealer) South West
8 West West East (dealer) South
9 West South West East (dealer)

Whether the dealer wins or not, or if there is a winner or not, wind position changes each time. Unlike other versions of mahjong being East does not give any special bonuses, it does not double the players scores in any way. If a hand ends in a draw (goulash hand), the winner of the next hand first takes the proper points from his opponents and then an extra 5 points from each player. The dealer passes to the next player, even on a goulash hand. If there is a second draw (two goulash hands in a row) the winner of the next round takes 10 points from each player in addition to their other points.

The wall is usually four sides but can be three in informal play. Players may chose to continue playing a second match after the first one ends (accumulating the points into a double match) or even a triple match meaning a total of 27 hands.

Minimum hand-points

Only the winners hand is scored (the other players hands take no points). Points are counted based on the individual sets a player has, if they are made of simples or honours (i.e. circles or dragons), if these sets match the players seat (wind tiles), how the hand is composed as a whole (i.e. only one suit or all pongs and an eye) and special patterns. As well bonus-points are scored for having kongs, flowers and other criteria mentioned later. When being introduced to a game, the mechanics may be so overwhelming that no points may be scored and players simply try to win with any legal hand (0 points) until the mechanics of the game is understood. Once this is achieved, the player should be introduced to the minimum point chart and should be encouraged to form hands of at least three minimum points (passed on sets and or overall composition of hand and or special patterns). The scoring chart below gives all possible points. Experienced players will play for a higher minimum.

Melds and point settlement

Even if a player has a legal winning hand, most house rules requires that a player has a minimum amount of hand-points first. Typically they are 3 points for novice play, six points for intermediate play and 7+ points for advanced play. Bbonus-points are included in the winners final score but do not count towards the minimum hand-points a player needs to go mahjong (that is a player must have a minimum of hand-points and not a minimum of hand-points plus bonus points).

Discarder pays

If a player wins by stealing a discard, the player who discards has to pay the winner double the winners hand-points (the other player pays nothing). Both players pay the winner bonus-points.

If a player wins from the wall, both players pay the winner hand-points plus bonus-points.

Sacred discard

The sacred discard is in effect. It means that a players must place their discards in front of them in neat rows showing the history of their discards (usually in rows of 6). A player cannot use a discarded tile from another payer to win based on a previously discarded tile by him/herself.

Declare ready

A player with a concealed hand may declare ready. They can only do so if they are waiting for a single piece to complete a legal hand. The player puts his/her pieces face down and on their turn will take a piece from the wall and must discard it if it doesn't complete a legal-hand. The player gains points if they win though they become completely unable to change their hand.

Points

The point system is straight forward though may require some time to memorize the various elements. There are two classes of points which are hand-points and bonus-points. There is a special class called limit hands which is treated later. In order to win a player needs to have a legal hand which scores the minimum or higher hand-points that players agree on before play (3 hand-points, 6 hand-points, 7 hand-points etc.)

Unlike many other mahjong variations, only the winner scores and the other players take no points regardless of the content of their hands. Once a player wins he/she adds up all of his/her hand-points. If they meet the minimum hand-points they receive that amount of points from the other two players. If they won from a discard then the person who discarded that piece pays for both players (the discarder pays double and the other player pays nothing). The winner then counts his/her bonus-points and collects them from both players (even if the game was won on a discard). If a player was waiting for one tile to win, they pay two bonus points less.

Limit hand

If a player wins on a limit hand, the player scores either the agreed limit (usually 40 points) or a half limit (usually 20 points) and there is no need to total the other points. Limit hands can make or break a match.

Hand-points

A winning hand must have the minimum amount of hand-points agreed on before the match starts. Points are based on specific melds (i.e. chows, pongs) a combination of melds (i.e. two matching pongs, three concealed pongs) or the entire hand (pure hand, seven pairs). Some melds/hands can score more than once (a kong of green dragons score 1 point for being green dragons and another point for being a kong).

Hand-points based on melds

Hand-points based on two or three melds

Hand-points based on the complete hand

Hand-points based on revealed/concealed hand

Bonus-points

The winner adds his/her hand-points to all the following bonus-points which may apply. (Both opponents pay)

Optional rules and optional scoring

Playing with all the points above and all possible variations is impracticable and complicated. Players chose which points they want to use and will periodically change or add some as long as there is a full consensus. The following variations can be regional. All variations can be incorporated into the basic game.

Experienced players will raise the minimum hand-points needed to four points or more (each time becoming exponentially more challenging). There are a few limit hands. Limit hands are special hands that a player may have which score a set amount of points. The amount is high, and depends on whatever limit the players set. If playing for stakes, the limit may be low to avoid having to pay large amounts to each other. A couple patterns (13 orphans and heavenly gates), much like 7 pairs, are special hands. They are the only three hands a player can have which do not fit the pattern of four melds and an eye (pongs/chows and a pair). They must be concealed hands though may be won on a discard or from the wall. They are optional and players do not need to include them in their game if not desired. A limit hand may effectively end a match if not playing for stakes as players may not be motivated to continue as beating a player who has won a limit has is incredibly difficult as winning limit hands (full limits especially) are exceedingly rare.

Only the winner of each game scores points for his/her hand (other players do not score any points but pay points to the winner). The winner will collect his/her total points from each player if he/she wins from the wall (unless a player was declared ready [see below]). If the winner wins on the discard of a player, that player pays the winner and the bonus-points for the other player (the other player pays the winner only the hand-points). There are no doubles nor faan systems as in continental versions of mahjong. Points are never doubled for any reason. In the case of a player winning a half limit or limit hand, both players pay the winner (regardless of if there was a discard or not) either the limit or half of the limit (the limit depends on the players though it should be at least 40 points) and if he/she wins on a discard, the player who discards pays double.

Players may place a limit on how many points may be awarded for consecutive goulash hands.

Players in Western countries (in casual play only) may shift the winds from E, S, W to N, E S (removing the West wind instead of the North wind and having the dealer as North) to align with Western culture centering their compass on the North.

Limit hands

Hands are optional and players may use all hands or choose based on consensus which ones to use. As all are difficult and the limit hands being very rare, all hands are included by most experienced players.

Half limit

Full limit

Dead wall

Thirteen tiles are not used in the game and are placed to the side. The dealer turns over one piece. The next tile in sequence is considered a dora (having any of those pieces in a hand will give a bonus-point). For example, if the tile turned over is a 3 circle, then all 4 circles will be considered dora and having a pong of 4 circles will score 3 bonus-points. If a 9 is turned over then the 1 circle is considered a dora. The sequence of dragons is green, red, white, green (i.e. if a red dragon is turned over, the white dragons are dora tiles). The sequence of winds is north, east, south, north. If a flower tile is turned over then all flower tiles score 2 bonus-points in total and having all three (as the flower turned over is considered a part of the dead wall and not used during the game) then the usual 8 bonus-points in total are given.

North Wind as normal piece

The North wind is kept in play but can only be used as a pair (scoring 2 points) or as a kong (scoring 6 points). A player cannot call mahjong if they have only a pong of the North. Winning a hand by drawing or stealing a North win scores 2 extra bonus-points. The North wind is considered an honour tile but tere is no round of North nor a North prevailing wind or a North seat position. North Wind is not part of the three little or three big winds limit hand but is part of the 13 orphans limit hand as well as the all-honours hand.

All bamboos removed

All bamboo tiles are removed

Three declared ready

If all three players declare ready, depending on the variation, either that particular game is considered a draw, or the winner only wins his hand-points from the other players.

Dora Tiles

There are two forms of dora which may optionally be used in three player mahjong.

Red Dora Tiles

In some Japanese mahjong sets, one 5 circles tile is coloured red and one 5 characters tile is coloured red (the other matching three of each tile is the normal colour). There are thus only two of these tiles. A player who has one red dora tile in their hand scores one bonus-point and if they have both red dora tiles they score 6 bonus-points (in total). These dora tiles count as bonus-points and do not count as hand-points nor towards the minimum hand-points needed to go mahjong.

Revealed Dora Tiles

The second form of dora which is distinct from the first, is the revealing of one tile from the wall before the game begins. If a simple tile is revealed, then the next tile in order becomes a dora tile (i.e. if the 5 circles is revealed, then all 6 circles become dora...or if the 2 character tiles are revealed then the 3 characters become dora). If a nine is revealed then the 1 of the same suit becomes dora. If a 1 bamboo is revealed then a 9 bamboo becomes dora. If a wind is revealed then the next wind in compass order becomes dora. If a dragon is revealed then the next dragon in alphabetical order becomes dora: Green-Red-White-Green.

A player scores one bonus-point for each of these dora tiles used in the winning hand. The player scores one extra point if the player forms the eye using these tiles, two extra points if the player forms a pong and scores six extra points if the player forms a kong using these tiles.

The red dora tiles are considered distinct from the revealed dora tiles and they should not be confused with each other. Table rules might include the red dora tiles but not the revealed dora tiles or the reverse. If table rules include both dora tiles, care should be taken not to mix the points scored for having them in their winning hand but to do so separately.

Dummy hand

The last thirteen tiles of the wall are not used in the game (considered an invisible fourth player).

Variations from specific regions

Honshu and other parts of Japan

Popular in the western part of Honshū, three player Japanese mahjong has elements is based on the structure of modern Japanese mahjong with a few changes which makes it more suited to three players and far less complicated than 4 player mahjong. Though the scoring is still somewhat complex. It has come concepts in common with the Korean/Japanese version such as the sacred discard and the payment system. There is no ghost player. The limit is 1 Yaku (fan) which may be considered low by players of other versions.

Refer to the article on Japanese Mahjong for unique Japanese playing concepts. Tiles 2-8 are removed form the character suit. Chows cannot be melded. All four winds are used. Flowers are optional and not normally used. A dora tile is exposed at the beginning of the game. 5's dora are also commonly used. The north wind acts as a flower though alternatively may be discarded as a safe tile (unless the opponent is going for a Kokushi Musou). Once all north wind tiles are exposed the next tile becomes an additional dora (there are lots of doras). There is a dead wall of 14 tiles. A player may rob a concealed kong or a declared North dora or discarded N dora to make 13 orphans. A player cannot use a discard to win if his hand, previously to using the discard, does not contain a Yaku and it is not a single wait (only one tile can complete the hand).

One Yaku (Faan)

Two Yaku

3 Yaku

4 Yaku

5 Yaku

6 Yaku

Yakuman (Limit)

Double Yakuman

Triple Yakuman

Bonus Yaku

The payment table is complex.

[8]

Malaysian three player mahjong

Mahjong is played with only circles and honours as well as the extra 8 flowers in a Malaysian mahjong set and jokers.[9] The point system is not changed from four player mahjong.[9]

Recap

The following is an overview of set up, game play and scoring. Experienced players should be able to understand the game based on the following and using the scoring table further below. Each element however is detailed in the following sections.

The North wind is removed. Walls are formed as walls of 13 for dealer and the wall without a seated player and 12 for opponents, or in informal play, dealer with a wall of 19 and opponents with walls of 18 having no fourth wall. Each round includes three matches of three hands and there is no North round. Chows cannot be melded by discards, only pongs and kongs. Seasons are not used. 2-8 of bamboo is removed from the game with the option of using two 5 bamboo pieces which can only be used as a pair (which when successful scores many points). Sacred discard is in effect (you cannot win on a discarded tile if you have discarded it yourself earlier that hand). Discards are placed in front of players in rows of 6. There is not doubling and dealer passes to next player in all cases. In the case of a goulash game (no winner) the next winner takes one point from each player extra. Limit hands are optional and the limit starts at 40 points. Half limit hands in such a case being 20. Limit hands must be concealed. There is a distinction between hand-points and bonus-points. A minimum of 3 hand-points is necessary to win (with experienced player playing with 4 and advanced players 5 minimum hand-points or more). Only winner scores, taking his total score (hand-points and bonus-points) from each player with no doubling of any kind. Discarder pays the other players score and only the bonus-points if the player was ready to win (waiting for one piece with a legal minimum hand-points hand to be acquired). Seat dragons match seat winds (east is green, south is red and west is white). Seasons are omitted. Flowers score one bonus-point each regardless of which numbered flower it is.

Changes in dynamics

The game dynamics in three player mahjong, regardless of the rule set vary based on speed, the use of tiles, point keeps, using ghost players or not and how the lack of a fourth seat wind is dealt with.

Speed

The game is always faster. With one less hand and more tiles available to the other players, the game is speedy.[10]

Wall

The wall remains the same, though playing with dead walls depends on the variation and the players. In very casual play the wall can consist of three sides.[3]

Pieces

In some variations an entire suit is removed.[11] In Malaysian mahjong only the circles and honours are used. In Korean mahjong one suit is removed or in other variations as well as in Japan, numbers 2-8 is removed from one suit. This radically changes the dynamics making certain hands more common such as single suited hands and hands without chows.[12]

East

In many versions east scores or pays double (a little more complicated in Japanese scoring), however in Korean scoring and Korean/Japanese scoring, there is no doubling of any kind.[5]

Ghost player

In some versions there is a ghost player,[6] meaning 13 tiles are not used in the wall to mimic the lack of tiles in 4 player versions. This player also takes one of the four winds, (though no tiles are dealt out to any ghost player nor are points given). In Korean, Japanese and Korean/Japanese mahjong, there is no ghost player and all tiles are used during the games.

Dragons

In some variations, each player has a seat dragon as well as a seat wind which changes the point structure. There is however never a prevailing dragon even if there is a prevailing wind. When there is a seat dragon, East is green, South is red and West is white (fortunately it follows in alphabetical order in English from dealer to last player).

Melded (or declared) chows

In some variations these are not allowed. Only pongs and kongs in three player games can be melded (or declared) meaning a chow can only be formed by a discard on winning.[2]

In Korean mahjong, 3 player Japanese mahjong and in Korean/Japanese mahjong, melded chows are never allowed except if done to compelete a hand.

Social nature

It is far more social and less likely to be played for stakes as it is looked down on as a less serious version of mahjong. However, in some versions such as Korean/Japanese three player, the rules can be intricate or complex and playing for small or large stakes forces the players to try to make more complex hands.

Point systems

The point system may or may not change depending on the variation of mahjong. In some variations a higher minimum point is expected or less points are given for certain hands. Table rules are common in three player versions and a comprehensive list of variations or versions would be a massive undertaking not in the known works in any.[13] In Hong Kong Mahjong, the doubling system is used in which certain points pay off a certain amount of money which doubles each subsequent level. For instance 1 or 2 points pay nothing. 3 or 4 points pay one unit, 5 or 6 points pay two units, 7 to 10 points pay 4 units and anything more pays 8 units. The Japanese system is rather complicated, though is simplified in three player version. The Korean system and Korean/Japanese system is a simple pay a unit per point to the winner. country.[14]

Rule agreement

The best rule set to use is the one you are familiar with, adapting them to three players as you are comfortable.[14] Korean/Japanese mahjong has a comprehensive set of rules well attuned for three player gaming, for those with some experience in mahjong. The Malaysian version is a very simplified way for social playing. House rules of are the essence and players will decide their own rules over time.[3]

References

  1. ↑ The Great Mahjong Book: History, Lore, and Play
  2. 1 2 "FAQ 13: Mah-Jongg tile games for <4 players". Sloperama.com. Retrieved 2013-08-24.
  3. 1 2 3 Mah Jong for Beginners
  4. ↑
  5. 1 2 The Great Mahjong Book: History, Lore, and Play
  6. 1 2 "Three Player Mahjong - Mahjong Wiki (麻将维基)". Mahjong.wikidot.com. 2010-06-24. Retrieved 2013-08-24.
  7. ↑ Waiting means waiting for one piece from the wall or a discard that would give a legal hand meeting the minimum required hand-points. Sometimes a player may be able to win with one of two different tiles (exceptionally rarely for three different tiles). A player is not considered "waiting" if the tile they are waiting for has already been discarded (leaving no possibility of receiving that piece.
  8. ↑ David Hurley. "Japanese Three Player Mahjong". Japanese-mahjong.com. Retrieved 2013-08-24.
  9. 1 2
  10. ↑ David Hurley. "Three Player Mahjong News 2004". Japanese-mahjong.com. Retrieved 2013-08-24.
  11. ↑ The book of mahjong: an illustrated guide. Lo, Amy. Art. 2.19
  12. ↑ "Welcome to Chevron Carsville". Chevroncars.com. 2009-06-01. Retrieved 2013-08-24.
  13. ↑ A Mah Jong Handbook: How to Play, Score, and Win
  14. 1 2 http://homepage.mac.com/zenblaster/mj/mah_how.html. Retrieved April 6, 2010. Missing or empty |title= (help)
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