Timor–Alor–Pantar languages
| Timor–Alor–Pantar | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution: | Timor and neighboring islands |
| Linguistic classification: |
|
| Subdivisions: | |
| Glottolog: | timo1261[1] |
The Timor–Alor–Pantar languages are the Papuan (non-Austronesian) languages of Timor, especially the country of East Timor, and neighboring islands.
Languages
The languages are demonstrably related,[2] but many are not close. The following conservative classification is from Ross (2005), Schapper et al. (2012), and Holton et al. (2012).
- East Timor (Oirata–Makasai) family
- Bunak
- Alor-Pantar family
- Teiwa
- Nedebang
- Kaera
- Western Pantar (Lamma)
Bunak and the Alor–Pantar languages are sometimes grouped together as "West Timor", while Bunak and East Timor have been grouped as "Timor–Kisar". Although the Alor–Pantar languages are clearly related, as are the Timor–Kisar languages and the two groups to each other, until comparative work is done on all languages simultaneously it will not be clear whether Bunak is closer to East Timor or to Alor–Pantar, or whether Alor–Pantar is a valid node. The list given above is conservative, without any undemonstrated groups.
Pronouns are:
sg pl 1excl *ani~na *ini 1incl *api 2 *ai *i 3 *ga (*gi)
Ross (2005) believes these reflecting proto-Trans–New Guinea 1st and 2nd-person pronouns *na, *ni, *ga, *gi, and possibly the pTNG dual/inclusive *-pi-, but this has not been demonstrated to the satisfaction of other linguists, many of whom see Trans–New Guinea as a more limited family.
History and classification
Despite their geographic proximity, the Papuan languages of Timor are not closely related, and demonstration of a relationship between any of them is difficult, apart from the clearly related Alor–Pantar languages on the islands neighboring Timor.
Arthur Capell first proposed that the Timor languages were a family in 1941, and Watuseke & Anceaux did the same for Timor–Alor–Pantar in 1973. Both units have been broken up in more recent classifications, though their ultimate relationship is generally accepted.
In 1957 HKL Cowan linked the Timor languages to the West Papuan family. However, when Stephen Wurm expanded Trans–New Guinea in 1975, he decided Timor–Alor–Pantar belonged there, and he linked it to the South Bird's Head languages in a South Bird's Head – Timor–Alor–Pantar branch of that phylum. Wurm noted similarities with West Papuan, a different family, but suggested this was due to substratum influence.
Ross (2005) classifies Timor–Alor–Pantar with the West Bomberai languages, the two groups forming a branch within West Trans–New Guinea.
References
- Ross, Malcolm (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson. Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66. ISBN 0858835622. OCLC 67292782.
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). "Timor–Alor–Pantar". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ Schapper et al. (2012) The historical relation of the Papuan languages of Timor and Kisar