Trends in library usage

With over 17,000 libraries and 2.5 billion materials circulated annually in the United States alone, libraries are a ubiquitous part of the American landscape.[1] However, as libraries modernize, they face an increasingly harsh budget environment, as well as technological disruption in media, scholarship, and education. The political, social, and technological environment is one of transformation and uncertainty.

As of 2004, U.S. library usage was experiencing growth in spite of predictions to the contrary at that time.[2] Instead, the impact of technology on libraries has been mixed. While usage of some library services, such as reference assistance, has declined, there has been a well-documented increase in the usage of public libraries in the U.S. and Canada over the last decade.[3] Most libraries have added services such as public computers, free wifi, and digital materials such as web sites and e-books, leading to higher overall usage of the library. Counties and cities also continue to invest in library infrastructure. As of 2012, library construction and renovation has remained steady.[4] According to a 2013 survey by the Pew Internet and American Life Project, 54% of Americans ages 16 and older have used a public library in some way in the past 12 months.[5] A similar poll of Britons, conducted in 2010, stated that 67% had visited a library within the last year.[6] Public libraries remain very popular among all users, and as of 2014, younger patrons read and use the library at the same rate as older ones.[7][8] Over 94% of Americans say that “having a public library improves the quality of life in a community.”[9]

At the same time, public funding of libraries has declined precipitously.[10] While libraries have a positive reputation, is unclear that citizens prioritize libraries over other government services when budgets must be cut. School and academic libraries have also faced both severe budget troubles and declining usage of traditional library services like reference and interlibrary loan.[11] Mass defunding and closures of publicly funded libraries in the Canada and UK have begun to affect the availability of library services in those countries.[12][13] Library functions, services and usage are changing so rapidly that it is difficult to establish standards or measures of value. As these trends continue or accelerate, the status of libraries is likely to remain dynamic and unclear.

Academic libraries

University of Toronto Libraries - usage statistics from academic year 2000 to 2013
Centennial College's new Progress Campus library, opened in 2011.

College and university libraries are at the center of changes to the library system. Academic libraries must serve groups of users with diverse information needs and research skills. In addition to the structural challenges facing all libraries, academic libraries must also confront a rapidly changing educational and publishing environment, in which the value and cost of a university education is being questioned. A higher demand for accountability means academic libraries must prove their value and the value of the university system.[14][15] Several institutions have attempted to assess the impact of academic libraries on student success but have often struggled with patron privacy concerns. The University of Minnesota recently published results of a major study on the impact of library use on student success. The study found that there are statistically relevant data showing first-year undergraduate students who use the library have a higher GPA for their first semester and higher retention from fall to spring than non-library users.[16]

A decline in the usage of traditional library services at the university level suggests that students are looking elsewhere for information resources. A 2005 report from the Association of Research Libraries (ARL) stated that between 1995-2004, reference requests dropped an average 4.5% per year, and book checkouts fell 1.2% per year, though this varied depending on the type of academic library.[17] Master's level libraries saw an increase in research inquires during the same period.[17] The ARL also documented a decline in reference requests and borrowing between libraries from 2009-2011.[18][19][20] In 2007, regarding the issue, University of Illinois’ Graduate School of Library and Information Science professor Jerome McDonough observed that in terms of undergraduate usage, “We're losing clientele; students may come in the library to study, to socialize, to hit the newly installed cafe designed to lure them in, but they're not using library materials, or library services, at anything like the rate they did even ten years ago.”[21]

The increasing costs of access to academic journals, and the speed with which information resources are growing, suggests that academic libraries will not be able to maintain a traditional lending and accession model for much longer.[22] Academic libraries are exploring a new model for service delivery, known as "digital commons" and/or "scholars' commons," that focuses on access, information quality and information literacy as opposed to collecting a large number of print books and journals.[22] Many campus libraries have remodeled their physical facilities in order to attract students, adding computers, cafes, classrooms, outlets and study areas.[23]

Many libraries are considering offering publishing services to academics under an open access model.[14] The growing demand for publishing services suggests new roles and responsibilities for academic libraries in the near future.[24] The establishment or reestablishment of academic and university presses may offer a new economic model for academic libraries.[25] A 2011 survey of member institutions of ARL, the Oberlin Group and the University Libraries Group found that approximately half of the respondents had or were developing library publishing services.[26] Copyright issues and technological limitations imposed by digital rights management are the strongest barriers to this transformation.[22]

With changes on the horizon, the organizations that monitor academic library statistics are seeking new ways to assess value and impact.[27] The Association of Research Libraries will no longer use monograph and serial costs as a metric, since "new data will be collected to more accurately reflect the modern environment of information management."[19] While more statistical information is needed to assess the value of academic libraries, the speed of change has made it more difficult to establish metrics. A future in which circulation statistics and "gate counts" are only a partial measure of library usage is already here.

There is a connection with changes in academic libraries and Millennials, in fact it's the trend that's affecting libraries within the next five to ten years. "Millennials will have a significant impact on future user expectations. Researchers in the field of education are writing about how factors such as technology have a significant impact on how Millennials learn." [28] In a study done with 27 colleges and universities participating, it's revealed that a majority of students, specifically 73%, use the library less than the Internet. A couple explanations for this are that it's simply easier to surf the web and they (millennials) are better at surfing the web than a library's catalogue.[29] In a study conducted by the article's, Millennials and technology: putting suppositions to the test in an academic library, authors, Pascal Lupien and Randy Oldham, it's revealed that "our students do use the library in large numbers, and that they appear to understnad that they must use a variety of resources, including academic sources, to conduct research".[29]

Public libraries

Boston Public Library's McKim Building, built in 1895 as a "palace for the people."

The picture is somewhat clearer for public libraries, where there have been strong increases in both visits to libraries and the number of books borrowed over the last decade. A survey by the Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS), the United States federal agency tasked with monitoring library usage, reported a 32.7% increase in physical visits between 2001-2010.[3] The American Library Association also cited a significant increase in usage, with visits increasing 61% between 1994-2004.[2] Similar growth was documented in Canada, where overall library usage surged 45% between 2000 and 2009, including a 16% increase in book borrowing.[30] Even in countries that have documented a decline in the usage of public libraries, public support for libraries remains strong. Visits to libraries in the UK have declined 6.7% in the past five years, but 80% of Britons still view libraries as "essential" or "very important."[12]

Recent growth in public library usage is likely driven by the Great Recession, as patrons take advantage of affordable entertainment, internet access, job search assistance and educational resources.[31][32][33] According to a 2011 Harris Poll Quorum, library patrons believe their usage of public libraries will remain steady or increase in the future. They report strong satisfaction with library services.[34] Public library patrons value access to printed books and traditional reference services. Among Americans ages 16 years and older, 80% say borrowing books is a "very important" service libraries provide, and 80% say reference librarians fall into the same “very important” category.[35] Library Journal noted a small but marked decrease in print circulation in 2012, and suggested that changing information behavior, an improving economy, budget cuts or some combination of these factors have begun to affect book borrowing.[36]

The Seattle Central Library. This 11-story glass and steel building opened in 2004.

Beginning with the digitization of library catalogs between the 1970s and 1990s, libraries have added digital capabilities while continuing to provide traditional book lending and literacy services. As of 2014, 98% of libraries offer free wireless Internet to their patrons; 90% offer e-books for borrowing; and 98% offer formal or informal technology training.[37][38] A large majority of libraries now use some kind of social media, like Facebook or hi5, to connect with patrons.[38] The assistance of professional library staff is also valued by patrons. Over one third of people who have ever visited a library say library staff had helped them use a computer or the Internet.[39] In 2011, more than a quarter of all adults used a library for Internet access at some point.[40] Free access to computers and the Internet is now nearly as important to library patrons as borrowing books.[41] Fifty-five percent of Americans think libraries have done a good job keeping up with technological trends.[9]

Libraries are also offering new recreation, entrepreneurial and content creation opportunities.[42] Libraries across the United States now lend musical instruments, tools, seeds, science equipment and information technology, like gaming consoles, laptops and e-readers.[43][44] While media outlets describe this development as part of a struggle to say relevant in a digital age, librarians say it is an extension of the traditional services and programming public libraries offer their communities. In an interview with The Atlantic Wire about the trend, librarian and blogger Rita Meade said, "I think it's great that some libraries are able to lend out items other than books, because it shows that they are responding to the needs of their particular community. But again, I do not see it as a desperate move to stay relevant... We've got relevancy coming out of our ears."[45]

While patrons still value access to printed books, libraries' shift to offering a wide range of digital, educational, social and entrepreneurial tools appears to be permanent.[46] The model is now attracting significant public investment. Libraries are rapidly establishing public makerspaces and workspaces to promote collaboration and entrepreneurship.[47] In 2011, the Fayetteville Free Library in New York state became the first public library to offer a makerspace.[48] Many other libraries, including the Chicago Public Library and Washington D.C.'s MLK Library now offer 3D printing, print presses, rapid prototyping and manufacturing services to patrons.[49][50] In 2014, the L.A. Public Library will begin offering high school diplomas to students.[51] In partnership with the University of Arizona, the Burton Barr Central Library in Phoenix, AZ is now offering a co-working space and business incubator.[52] The rise of entrepreneurial and content creation spaces may offer alternative funding models for some public libraries.

The way patrons use library buildings is also changing. Libraries offered 3.75 million public programs in 2010, the equivalent of one free program per day in every public library in America.[3] Mirroring an increase in overall library usage, attendance at library programs increased by 22% between 2004 and 2008.[53] Most public libraries offer classes, literacy programs and storytimes for children. Some public libraries, like the New York Public Library, are adopting the "bookstore model," characterized by remodeling in favor of more comfortable and attractive reading and meeting spaces, a broad offering of both bestsellers and literary works, user-friendly organization systems and excellent customer service, often including the elimination of library fines.[54]

Despite increasing usage, adoption of new technology and strong popularity among voters, public libraries are bearing the brunt of budget cuts, with both state and municipal support for libraries declining.[10][55] As cities and states confront budget shortfalls, libraries are often required to reduce hours, staff and locations.[56] Multimillion-dollar cuts to public libraries are frequently proposed across the country, and libraries in general have faced budget cuts over the last four years.[35] When explaining the rationale for budget cuts, officials often cite the rise of new technologies and the availability of alternative sources of information. However voters continue to support public library funding. In 2013, 41 measures for new library funding were approved by voters; 19 were rejected.[57]

School libraries

With public funding declining for both libraries and schools, school libraries face severe economic troubles.[58] The number of school librarians has declined, with many school librarians being laid off or assigned to other teaching duties. Between 2010 and 2011, salaries for new school librarians fell 2%.[59] Moreover, the decline in school library services seems unlikely to end soon as schools seek ways to reduce costs and consolidate services.[60] Of all libraries, school libraries seem most likely to feel the impact of cuts to library funding via sequestration.[58]

A study by School Library Journal, using statistics from the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) showed that, "students in states that lost librarians tended to have lower reading scores—or had a slower rise on standardized tests—than those in states that gained librarians," and this effect couldn't be accounted for by overall staff reductions.[61] In 2012 a joint study by the Education Law Center, the Health Sciences Library Consortium, and the Pennsylvania School Librarians Association demonstrated that "for all students, those with full-time librarians are almost three times as likely to have 'Advanced' writing scores as students without full-time librarians."[62] Nevertheless, school libraries will have to deal with shrinking budgets and changing roles for both librarians and libraries.

Some school libraries are using the budget crisis as a driver for innovation. Benilde-St. Margaret's School, a Catholic preparatory school, removed nearly all physical books from their school library in 2011.[63] Physical books were relocated into classrooms or donated to developing countries. According to Sue Skinner, Benilde-St. Margaret's principal, the school's commitment to ensuring all students receive their own computer made the change possible. Close cooperation with public libraries also ensured that students still had access to printed books. "We weren’t saying no to hard copy books," Skinner said. "But let's not duplicate what public and other libraries have."[63]

According to a 2013 Pew Internet and American Life Project study, 85% of Americans age 16 and older think school and public libraries should "definitely" coordinate more closely with each other.[39] That statistic is matched among younger Americans. Eighty-seven percent of Americans under 30 also think public libraries should coordinate more closely with local schools.[8]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Badger, Emily (7 June 2013). "Every Library and Museum in America, Mapped". The Atlantic. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
  2. 1 2 "New data on U.S. libraries shows almost two billion served". State of America's Libraries 2007. American Library Association. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
  3. 1 2 3 Price, Gary. "New Statistics Available: IMLS Releases New "Public Library Report" (FY 2010)". LJ InfoDocket. Library Journal. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
  4. ↑ "Library Construction and Renovation". State of America's Libraries 2013. American Library Association. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
  5. ↑ Zickuhr, Kathryn; Lee Rainie; Kristen Purcell; Maeve Duggan (December 2013). "How Americans Value Public Libraries in Their Communities". Pew Internet and American Life Project. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
  6. ↑ "Attitudes to public libraries in England" (PDF). Ipsos MORI. 15 October 2010. Retrieved 4 August 2013.
  7. ↑ "Millennials read and use libraries as much as their parents, study finds". Digital Book World. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
  8. 1 2 Zickhur, Kathryn; Rainie, Lee; Purcell, Kristen. "Younger Americans' Library Habits and Expectations". Pew Internet & American Life Project.
  9. 1 2 Zickuhr, Kathryn; Lee Rainie; Kristen Purcell; Maeve Duggan (December 2013). "Section 3: Perceptions of Public Libraries". Pew Internet and American Life Project. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
  10. 1 2 "State funding for many public libraries on decline". Chief Officers of State Library Associations Survey. American Library Association.
  11. ↑ Santos, Fernanda (24 June 2011). "In Lean Times, Schools Squeeze Out Librarians". New York Times. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
  12. 1 2 "Public libraries: checked out". The Economist. 3 December 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2013.
  13. ↑ Flood, Alison (10 December 2012). "UK lost more than 200 libraries in 2012". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 August 2013.
  14. 1 2 "Pressure on higher education is keenly felt in the campus library". State of America's Libraries Report 2013. American Library Association. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  15. ↑ Kelderman, Eric (18 December 2012). "Accreditation Actions Increased During Financial Downturn". Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  16. ↑ http://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/143312
  17. 1 2 Applegate, Rachel (2008). "Whose Decline? Which Academic Libraries are "Deserted" in Terms of Reference Transactions?". Reference and User Services Quarterly. 40 (2): 176–188. Retrieved 5 December 2009.
  18. ↑ "Supply and Demand in ARL Libraries, 1986-2011" (PDF). ARL Statistics 2010-2011. Association of Research Libraries.
  19. 1 2 "Statistical Trends". ARL Statistics 2010-2011. Association of Research Libraries. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  20. ↑ "Service Trends in ARL Libraries, 1991-2011" (PDF). ARL Statistics 2010-2011. Association of Research Libraries. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  21. ↑ “If libraries had shareholders”, SFweekly.com, 17 July 2007. Retrieved 2009-10-18.
  22. 1 2 3 Attis, David. "Redefining the academic library: managing the migration to digital information services". Looking forward: reimagining the academic library's role in teaching, learning and research. McMaster University. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  23. ↑ Carlson, Scott. “As Students Work Online, Reading Rooms Empty Out -- Leading Some Campuses to Add Starbucks”, The Chronicle of Higher Education, 16 November 2001. Retrieved 2009-12-13.
  24. ↑ Mullins, James; Murray-Rust, Catherine; Ogburn, Joyce; et al. (March 2012). "Library publishing services: strategies for success: final research report". Purdue University. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  25. ↑ Jaschik, Scott (6 December 2012). "A New (Kind of) Scholarly Press". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  26. ↑ "2012 top ten trends in academic libraries". Association of College and Research Libraries News. June 2012. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
  27. ↑ "Top trends in academic libraries". College & Research Libraries News. June 2014. Retrieved 15 September 2014. The expanding digital environment drives changes in the criteria for measuring the impact of research and scholarship.
  28. ↑ Crump, Michele J., Freund, LeiLani S., and contributors (2012). Meeting the Needs of Student Users in Academic Libraries. Oxford, United Kingdom: Chandos. p. 90. ISBN 978-1-84334-684-5.
  29. 1 2 Crump, Michele J., Freund, LeiLani S. (2012). Meeting the Needs of Student Users in Academic Libraries. Oxford, United Kingdom: Chandos. pp. 101, 102. ISBN 978-1-84334-684-5.
  30. ↑ "An analysis of public library trends" (PDF). Lumos Research, Inc. April 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2013.
  31. ↑ Chircop, David (5 February 2009). "Libraries' popularity rises as economy sinks". The Herald. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  32. ↑ Sorentrue, Jennifer (21 March 2010). "Libraries' popularity speaks volumes about recession". Palm Beach Post. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  33. ↑ "'Fifty Shades' fans get their fix for free from their local library". Irish Examiner. 16 July 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  34. ↑ "Results of 1 January 2011 Harris Poll Quorum" (PDF). Harris Interactive. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
  35. 1 2 "Technology, books, and reference librarians "very important," report says". State of America's Libraries Report 2013. American Library Association. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  36. ↑ Hoffert, Barbara (14 February 2012). "Book Buying Survey 2012: Book Circ Takes A Hit". Library Journal. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  37. ↑ "American Library Association: 90% of Libraries in U.S. Now Lend Ebooks". Digital Book World. Retrieved 24 July 2014.
  38. 1 2 Hoffman, Judy; Bertot, John Carlo; Davis, Denise (June 2012). "Libraries Connect Communities: Public Library Funding & Technology Access Study 2011-2012" (PDF). American Library Association. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  39. 1 2 Zickuhr, Katherine; Rainie, Lee; Purcell, Kristen. "Library Services in the Digital Age". Pew Internet and American Life Project. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  40. ↑ Crawford, Susan (27 December 2012). "Failing to Close the 'Digital Divide'". New York Times. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  41. ↑ Kaufman, Leslie (22 January 2013). "Survey Finds Rising Reliance on Libraries as a Gateway to the Web". New York Times. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  42. ↑ Fletcher, Owen (7 January 2013). "Check These Out at the Library: Blacksmithing, Bowling, Butchering". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  43. ↑ Householder, Mike (18 July 2013). "Sets, drums and rotary tools: Libraries across US lending way more than books". Associated Press. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  44. ↑ Toppo, Greg (6 March 2013). "Libraries offer weird things to draw new borrowers". USA Today. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  45. ↑ Doll, Jen (8 January 2013). "Ask a Librarian About the Odd Things Happening at Libraries". The Atlantic Wire. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  46. ↑ Resnick, Brian (21 January 2014). "What the library of the future will look like". National Journal. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
  47. ↑ "Manufacturing makerspaces". American Libraries Magazine. January–February 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  48. ↑ McCue, T.J. (15 November 2011). "First Public Library to Create a Maker Space". Forbes. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  49. ↑ Borrelli, Christopher (9 July 2013). "3-D printers debut at Chicago library; future uses still to be imagined". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  50. ↑ Freed, Benjamin (17 July 2013). "D.C. Library Digital Commons Opens With 3-D Printing, Book Pressing, and Lots of Computers". DCist. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
  51. ↑ Badger, Emily (10 January 2014). "The L.A. Public Library is about to offer high school diplomas". The Atlantic Cities. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
  52. ↑ Gardiner, Dustin (21 January 2014). "New Phoenix library co-working space open for budding entrepreneurs". The Republic. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
  53. ↑ "Program attendance at public libraries is on the rise" (PDF). Fast facts: recent statistics from the Library Research Service. Colorado State Library. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  54. ↑ Cullotta, Karen (27 December 2012). "Libraries see opening as bookstores close". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
  55. ↑ Roberts, Sam (8 January 2013). "As Use of Libraries Grows, Government Support Has Eroded". New York Times. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  56. ↑ Warburton, Bob (28 June 2013). "Libraries Around the Country Under Budget Pressure". Library Journal. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  57. ↑ Chrastka, John (November 2013). "2013 Library Elections "Deep Dive"". EveryLibrary. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
  58. 1 2 "School librarians bear the brunt of staff reductions". State of America's Libraries Report 2013. American Library Association.
  59. ↑ Maatta, Stephanie (15 October 2012). "Placements & Salaries 2012: Types of Placements". Library Journal. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  60. ↑ "A bad year on the budget front, with no end in sight". State of America's Libraries Report 2012. American Library Association. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  61. ↑ Lance, Keith Curry; Hofschire, Linda (1 September 2011). "Something to Shout About: New research shows that more librarians means higher reading scores". School Library Journal. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  62. ↑ Kachel, Debra; Lance, Keith Curry (7 March 2013). "Latest Study: A full-time school librarian makes a critical difference in boosting student achievement". School Library Journal. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  63. 1 2 Barack, Lauren (8 January 2013). "School Library Thrives After Ditching Print Collection". The Digital Shift. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
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