Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
Туркестанская Автономная Советская Социалистическая Республика

1918–1924

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Flag

Map of Soviet Central Asia in 1922, indicating the location and extent of the Turkestan ASSR (brown).

Capital

Tashkent

Historical era

Interwar period

•

Established

30 April 1918

•

Disestablished

27 October 1924

Today part of

Kazakhstan

The Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (initially, the Turkestan Socialist Federative Republic; 30 April 1918 – 27 October 1924) was an autonomous republic of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic located in Soviet Central Asia.

During the Russian Empire, the Turkestan ASSR's territory was governed as Turkestan Krai, the Emirate of Bukhara, and the Khanate of Khiva. From 1905, Pan-Turkist ideologues like Ismail Gasprinski aimed to suppress differences among the peoples who spoke Turkic languages, uniting them into one government.^[1] This idea was supported by Vladimir Lenin, and after the Russian Revolution of 1917, the Bolsheviks in Tashkent created the Turkestan ASSR. But in February 1918, the Islamic Council (Uzbek: Shuroi Islamia) and the Council of Intelligentsia (Uzb. Shuroi Ulammo) met in Kokand city and declared a rival Turkestan Autonomous Republic, battling Bolshevik forces until the 1920s.^[1]

Meanwhile, a power struggle among the Communists ensued between those favoring a Pan-Turkist government like Turar Ryskulov and Tursun Khojaev, and those in favor of dividing Soviet Turkestan into smaller ethnic or regional units, such as Fayzulla Khodzhayev and Akmal Ikramov. The latter group won, as national delimitation in Central Asia began in 1924.^[1] Upon dissolution, the Turkestan ASSR was split into Turkmen SSR (now Turkmenistan), Uzbek SSR (now Uzbekistan) with the Tajik ASSR (now Tajikistan), Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast (now Kyrgyzstan), and Karakalpak Autonomous Oblast (now Karakalpakstan).^[1]

Date	Name
01 !30 April 1918	Turkestan Soviet Federative Republic (constitution adopted 15 October 1918)
02 !24 September 1920	Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
03 !30 December 1922	Turkestan A.S.S.R. part of Soviet Union (within Russian S.F.S.R.)
04 !27 October 1924	Dissolved

Turksovnarkom

Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars ("Turksovnarkom")

Initial date	Final date	Name
15 November 1917	30 April 1918	Fyodor Ivanovich Kolesov
30 April 1918	June 1918	Pyotr Alekseyevich Kobozev
June 1918	5 October 1918	Fyodor Ivanovich Kolesov
23 October 1918	19 January 1919	Vladislav Damyanovich Figelskiy
30 March 1918	March 1920	Karp Yeliseyevich Sorokin
19 September 1920	1922	Kaikhaziz Sardarovich Atabayev
1922	12 January 1924	Turor Risqulovich Risqulov
12 January 1924	27 October 1924	Shah Ahmad Islamov

1 2 3 4 Yalcin, Resul (2002). The Rebirth of Uzbekistan: Politics, Economy, and Society in the Post-Soviet Era. Garnet & Ithaca Press. pp. 36–38, 163–164.

By name

By year
established

1918–1924 Turkestan
1918–1941 Volga German
1919–1990 Bashkir
1920–1925 Kirghiz²
1920–1990 Tatar
1921–1990 Adjar
1921–1945 Crimean
1921–1991 Dagestan
1921–1924 Mountain

1921–1990 Nakhchivan
1922–1991 Yakut
1923–1990 Buryat¹
1923–1940 Karelian
1924–1940 Moldavian
1924–1929 Tajik
1925–1992 Chuvash
1925–1936 Kazak²
1926–1936 Kirghiz

1931–1991 Abkhaz
1932–1992 Karakalpak
1934–1990 Mordovian
1934–1990 Udmurt
1935–1943 Kalmyk
1936–1944 Chechen-Ingush
1936–1944 Kabardino-Balkar
1936–1990 Komi
1936–1990 Mari

1936–1990 North Ossetian
1944–1957 Kabardin
1956–1991 Karelian
1957–1990 Chechen-Ingush
1957–1991 Kabardino-Balkar
1958–1990 Kalmyk
1961–1992 Tuva
1990–1991 Gorno-Altai
1991–1992 Crimean

¹ Buryat–Mongol until 1958.
² Kazak ASSR was called Kirghiz ASSR until 1925.

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