Twincharger
Twincharger refers to a compound forced induction system used on some piston-type internal combustion engines. It is a combination of an exhaust-driven turbocharger and an engine-driven supercharger, each mitigating the weaknesses of the other. A belt-driven or shaft-driven supercharger offers exceptional response and low-rpm performance as it has no lag time between the application of throttle and pressurization of the manifold (assuming that it is a positive-displacement supercharger such as a Roots type or twin-screw and not a Centrifugal compressor supercharger, which does not provide boost until the engine has reached higher RPMs). When combined with a large turbocharger — if the "turbo" was used by itself, it would offer unacceptable lag and poor response in the low-rpm range — the proper combination of the two can offer a zero-lag powerband with high torque at lower engine speeds and increased power at the higher end. Twincharging is therefore desirable for small-displacement motors (such as VW's 1.4TSI), especially those with a large operating rpm, since they can take advantage of an artificially broad torque band over a large speed range.
Twincharging does not refer to a twin-turbo arrangement, but rather when two different kinds of compressors are used.
Technical description
A twincharging system combines a supercharger and turbocharger in a complementary arrangement, with the intent of one component's advantage compensating for the other component's disadvantage. There are two common types of twincharger systems: series and parallel.
Series
The series arrangement, the more common arrangement of twinchargers, is set up such that one compressor's (turbo or supercharger) output feeds the inlet of another. A sequentially-organized supercharger is connected to a medium- to large-sized turbocharger. The supercharger provides near-instant manifold pressure (eliminating turbo lag, which would otherwise result when the turbocharger is not up to its operating speed). Once the turbocharger has reached operating speed, the supercharger can either continue compounding the pressurized air to the turbocharger inlet (yielding elevated intake pressures), or it can be bypassed and/or mechanically decoupled from the drivetrain via an electromagnetic clutch and bypass valve (increasing efficiency of the induction system).
Other series configurations exist where no bypass system is employed and both compressors are in continuous duty. As a result, compounded boost is always produced as the pressure ratios of the two compressors are multiplied, not added. In other words, if a turbocharger which produced 10 psi (0.7 bar) (pressure ratio = 1.7) alone blew into a supercharger which also produced 10 psi alone, the resultant manifold pressure would be 27 psi (1.9 bar) (PR=2.8) rather than 20 psi (1.4 bar) (PR=2.3). This form of series twincharging allows for the production of boost pressures that would otherwise be unachievable with other compressor arrangements and would be inefficient.
However, the efficiencies of the turbo and supercharger are also multiplied, and since the efficiency of the supercharger is often much lower than that of large turbochargers, this can lead to extremely high manifold temperatures unless very powerful charge cooling is employed. For example, if a turbocharger with an efficiency of 70% blew into a Roots blower with an efficiency of 60%, the overall compression efficiency would be only 42% -- at 2.8 pressure ratio as shown above and 20 °C (68 °F) ambient temperature, which means that air exiting the turbocharger would be 263 °C (505 °F), which is enough to melt most rubber couplers and nearly enough to melt expensive silicone couplers. A large turbocharger producing 27 psi (1.9 bar) by itself, with an adiabatic efficiency of around 70%, would produce air at just 166 °C (331 °F). Additionally, the energy cost to drive a supercharger is higher than that of a turbocharger; if it is bypassed, the load of performing compression is removed, leaving only slight parasitic losses from spinning the working parts of the supercharger. The supercharger can further be disconnected electrically (using an electromagnetic clutch such as those used on the VW 1.4TSI or Toyota's 4A-GZE, although this is not because it is a twin charged engine; it is intended only to bypass the supercharger under low-load conditions) which eliminates this small parasitic loss.
With series twincharging, the turbocharger can be of a less expensive and more durable journal bearing variety, and the sacrifice in boost response is more than made up for by the instant-on nature of displacement superchargers. While the weight and cost of the supercharger assembly are always a factor, the inefficiency and power consumption of the supercharger are almost totally eliminated as the turbocharger reaches operating rpm and the supercharge is effectively disconnected by the bypass valve.
Parallel
Parallel arrangements typically require the use of a bypass or diverted valve to allow one or both compressors to feed the engine. If no valve were employed and both compressors were merely routed directly to the intake manifold, the supercharger would blow backwards through the turbocharger compressor rather than pressurize the intake manifold, as that would be the path of least resistance. Thus a diverter valve must be employed to vent turbocharger air until it has reached the pressure in the intake manifold. Complex or expensive electronic controls are usually necessary to ensure smooth power delivery.
Disadvantages
The main disadvantage of twincharging is the complexity and expense of components. Usually, to provide acceptable response, smoothness of power delivery, and adequate power gain over a single-compressor system, expensive electronic and/or mechanical controls must be used. In a spark-ignition engine, a low compression ratio must also be used if the supercharger produces high boost levels, negating some of the efficiency benefit of low displacement.
Commercial availability
The concept of twincharging was first used by Lancia in 1985 on the Lancia Delta S4 Group B rally car and its street legal counterpart, the Delta S4 Stradale. The idea was also successfully adapted to production road cars by Nissan, in their March Super Turbo.[1] Additionally, multiple companies have produced aftermarket twincharger kits for cars like the Subaru Impreza WRX, Mini Cooper S, Ford Mustang, Toyota MR2.
The Volkswagen 1.4 TSI is a 1400 cc engine – utilised by numerous automobiles of the VW Group – that sees use of both a turbocharger and a supercharger, and is available with eight power ratings:
- 103 kilowatts (140 PS; 138 bhp) @ 5,600 rpm; 220 newton metres (162 lbf·ft) @ 1,500–4,000 rpm — VW Golf V, VW Jetta V, and VW Touran.
- 110 kilowatts (150 PS; 148 bhp) @ 5,800 rpm; 220 newton metres (162 lbf·ft) @ 1,250–4,500 rpm — SEAT Ibiza IV.
- 110 kilowatts (150 PS; 148 bhp) @ 5,800 rpm; 240 newton metres (177 lbf·ft) @ 1,500–4,000 rpm — (CNG version) VW Passat VI, VW Passat VII, VW Touran
- 110 kilowatts (150 PS; 148 bhp) @ 5,800 rpm; 240 newton metres (177 lbf·ft) @ 1,750–4,000 rpm — VW Sharan II, VW Tiguan, SEAT Alhambra
- 118 kilowatts (160 PS; 158 bhp) @ 5,800 rpm; 240 newton metres (177 lbf·ft) @ 1,500–4,500 rpm — VW Eos, VW Golf VI, VW Jetta VI, VW Scirocco III
- 125 kilowatts (170 PS; 168 bhp) @ 6,000 rpm; 240 newton metres (177 lbf·ft) @ 1,500–4,500 rpm — VW Golf V, VW Jetta V, VW Touran
- 132 kilowatts (179 PS; 177 bhp) @ 6,200 rpm; 250 newton metres (184 lbf·ft) @ 2,000–4,500 rpm — VW Polo V, SEAT Ibiza Cupra, Škoda Fabia II
- 136 kilowatts (185 PS; 182 bhp) @ 6,200 rpm; 250 newton metres (184 lbf·ft) @ 2,000–4,500 rpm — Audi A1
Volvo produces a twincharged 1969 cc inline-four engine that is utilised in the following models:
- Volvo S60 T6 models
- Volvo V60 T6 models
- Volvo S90 T6 models
- Volvo XC60 T6 models
- Volvo XC90 T6 and T8 models
Alternative systems
Anti-lag system
Twincharging's largest benefit over anti-lag systems in race cars is its reliability. Anti-lag systems work in one of two ways: by running very rich AFR and pumping air into the exhaust to ignite the extra fuel in the exhaust manifold; or by severely retarding ignition timing to cause the combustion event to continue well after the exhaust valve has opened. Both methods involve combustion in the exhaust manifold to keep the turbine spinning, and the heat from this will shorten the life of the turbine greatly.
Variable geometry turbocharger
A variable-geometry turbocharger provides an improved response at widely-varied engine speeds. With variable-incidence under electronic control, it is possible to have the turbine reach a good operating speed quickly or at lower engine speed without severely diminishing its utility at higher engine speed.
Sequential twin turbochargers
Sequential turbocharger systems provide a way to decrease turbo lag without compromising ultimate boost output and engine power.
Nitrous oxide
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is mixed with incoming air, providing more oxidizer to burn more fuel for supplemental power when a turbocharger is not spinning quickly. This also produces more exhaust gases so that the turbocharger quickly spools up, providing more oxygen for combustion, and the N2O flow is reduced accordingly. The expense of both the system itself and the consumable N2O can be significant.
Water injection
For more engine power, and to augment the benefits of forced induction (by means of turbocharging or supercharging), an aftermarket water injection system can be added to the induction system of both gasoline and diesel internal combustion engines.
References
- ↑ grandJDM >> March Superturbo: Mighty Mite! (2007-12-09)