Universal flu vaccine

Many groups worldwide are pursuing development of a universal flu vaccine that does not require modification each year.[1]

Development predictions

On February 13, 2013, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Chief Scientist Jesse Goodman predicted that a universal flu vaccine was still 5 to 10 years away. When asked about the prospects of a universal flu vaccine in a hearing before House Energy and Commerce Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, Goodman replied "Nature is very tricky and as this is a very crafty virus, so I'd be very hesitant to predict... I think the earliest we'd begin to see something with clinical benefit might be 5 to 10 years."[2]

Based on the results of animal studies, a universal flu vaccine may use a two-step vaccination strategy — priming with a DNA-based HA vaccine followed by a second dose with an inactivated, attenuated, or adenovirus-vector–based vaccine.[3]

The NIAID/NIH state that "developing new and improved vaccines is a high priority".[4] The BIO2016 convention featured a panel discussion titled "Solving the Flu Problem: Can New Technologies Lead to Universal Flu Vaccines?"[5] featuring speakers from BARDA and industry.

Research

Some people given a 2009 H1N1 flu vaccine have developed broadly protective antibodies, raising hopes for a universal flu vaccine.[6][7][8]

A 'vaccine'/antigen based on the hemagglutinin (HA) stem was the first to induce 'broadly neutralizing' antibodies to both HA-group 1 and HA-group 2 influenza in mice.[9]

In July 2011, researchers created an antibody, which targets a protein found on the surface of all influenza A viruses called haemagglutinin.[10][11][12] F16 is the only known antibody that binds (its neutralizing activity is controversial) to all 16 subtypes of the influenza A virus hemagglutinin and might be the lynchpin for a universal influenza vaccine.[10][11][12] The subdomain of the hemagglutinin that is targeted by FI6, namely the stalk domain, was actually successfully used earlier as universal influenza virus vaccine by Peter Palese's research group at Mount Sinai School of Medicine.[13]

Other vaccines are polypeptide based.[14]

Research organizations

DNA vaccines, such as VGX-3400X (aimed at multiple H5N1 strains), contain DNA fragments (plasmids).[15][16] Inovio's SynCon DNA vaccines include H5N1 and H1N1 subtypes.[17]

In 2008, Acambis announced work on a universal flu vaccine (ACAM-FLU-ATM) based on the less variable M2 protein component of the flu virus shell.[18] See also H5N1 vaccines.

In 2009, the Wistar Institute received a patent for using "a variety of peptides" in a flu vaccine, and announced it was seeking a corporate partner.[19]

In 2010, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) of the U.S. NIH announced a breakthrough; the effort targets the stem, which mutates less often than the head of the virus.[20]

By 2010 some universal flu vaccines had started early stage clinical trials.

Companies pursuing the vaccine as of 2009 and 2010 include BiondVax,[27] Theraclone,[28] Dynavax Technologies Corporation,[29] VaxInnate,[30] Crucell NV,[31] Inovio Pharmaceuticals,[15] and Immune Targeting Systems (ITS)[32]

References

  1. ↑ Du, Lanying; Zhou, Yusen; Jiang, Shibo (2010). "Research and development of universal influenza vaccines". Microbes and Infection. 12 (4): 280–6. doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2010.01.001. PMID 20079871.
  2. ↑ Roos, Robert. "FDA expert: Universal flu vaccine still 5–10 years off". Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy (CIDRAP). Retrieved Feb 13, 2013.
  3. ↑ Lambert and Fauci; Fauci, Anthony S. (2010). "Influenza Vaccines for the Future". NEJM. 363 (21): 2036–44. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1002842. PMID 21083388.
  4. ↑ "Flu (Influenza) Vaccine Research". www.niaid.nih.gov. Retrieved 2016-06-30.
  5. ↑ "myBIO 2016 - Session/Event Details". mybio.org. Retrieved 2016-06-30.
  6. ↑ "H1N1 Gives Clues to Universal Flu Vaccine". January 18, 2011.
  7. ↑ Wrammert, Jens; Koutsonanos, D.; Li, G.-M.; et al. (January 2011). "Broadly cross-reactive antibodies dominate the human B cell response against 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus infection" (PDF). JEM. 208: 181–193. doi:10.1084/jem.20101352.
  8. ↑ "A vaccine for all flu seasons". Spring 2011.
  9. ↑ Stalking influenza by vaccination with pre-fusion headless HA mini-stem. 2016
  10. 1 2 BBC: 'Super antibody' fights off flu
  11. 1 2 Independent: Scientists hail the prospect of a universal vaccine for flu
  12. 1 2 "Universal Flu Vaccine On The Horizon: Researchers Find 'Super Antibody'" The Huffington Post. July 28, 2011
  13. ↑ Influenza Virus Vaccine Based on the Conserved Hemagglutinin Stalk Domain
  14. ↑ Wang TT, Tan GS, Hai R, Pica N, Ngai L, Ekiert DC, Wilson IA, García-Sastre A, Moran TM (November 2010). "Vaccination with a synthetic peptide from the influenza virus hemagglutinin provides protection against distinct viral subtypes.". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 107 (44): 18979–84. Bibcode:2010PNAS..10718979W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1013387107. PMC 2973924Freely accessible. PMID 20956293.
  15. 1 2 "Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Immunizes First Subject In U.S. Influenza DNA Vaccine Clinical Trial". Reuters.
  16. ↑ Inovio Biomedical's SynCon preventive DNA vaccine receives approval in Korea for Phase I clinical trial
  17. ↑ "Scientific Paper on Inovio Pharmaceuticals SynCon(TM) DNA Vaccines and Intradermal DNA Delivery Technology One of Most Cited Articles in the Journal Vaccine". October 14, 2010.
  18. ↑ "Universal Influenza Vaccine Tested Successfully In Humans".
  19. ↑ The Wistar Institute obtains patent for universal flu vaccine technology Archived January 10, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.. Wistar Institute.
  20. ↑ NIH Scientists Advance Universal Flu Vaccine. NIH.
  21. ↑ Atsmon, J; Kate-Ilovitz, E; Shaikevich, D; Singer, Y; Volokhov, I; Haim, KY; Ben-Yedidia, T (2012). "Safety and immunogenicity of multimeric-001--a novel universal influenza vaccine". J. Clin. Immunol. 32: 595–603. doi:10.1007/s10875-011-9632-5. PMID 22318394.
  22. ↑ "BiondVax Pharma (BVXV) Approved in Europe to Initiate Multimeric-001 Phase IIb". September 30, 2015.
  23. ↑ "Branch of NIH to initiate mid-stage trial of BiondVax's flu vaccine candidate; shares up 37% premarket". Seeking Alpha. Retrieved 2016-03-13.
  24. ↑ "Dynavax Presents Data From Novel Universal Flu Vaccine Candidate". 2009.
  25. ↑ MarketWatch.com
  26. ↑ Immune Targeting Systems – FP01 Influenza, undated page Archived January 31, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.
  27. ↑ <http://www.fiercebiotech.com/press-releases/biondvax-begins-phase-iia-study-universal-flu-vaccine-0>
  28. ↑ Seattle's Theraclone makes a 'first step' on long road to universal flu vaccine Archived November 16, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.. The Seattle Times.
  29. ↑ Dynavax Reports Positive Data on Universal Flu Vaccine Candidate. Rita Biotech.
  30. ↑ VaxInnate's Universal Flu Vaccine Candidate Shown Safe and Immunogenic in Phase I Clinical Study. Fierce Biotech.
  31. ↑ Johnson & Johnson pursues vaccine firm. Charleston Gazette.
  32. ↑ Immune Targeting Systems – About Us Archived January 27, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.
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