Wanyan Liang

Prince of Hailing
Emperor of the Jin dynasty
Reign 9 January 1150 – 15 December 1161
Born (1122-02-24)24 February 1122
Died 15 December 1161(1161-12-15) (aged 39)
Spouse Empress Tushan
Consort Yuan
Tangkuo Dingge
Consort Chen
Consort Li
Tangkuo Shigge
Consort Zhao
Consort Zhao
Consort Rou
Lady Yelü
Lady Gao
Lady Nan
Shigu
Pula
Shigu'er
Shaliguzhen
Chongjie
Nailahu
Tangkuo Puluhuzhi
Pucha Chacha
Issue Sons:
Alubu
Wanyan Yuanshou
Shensi'abu
Wanyan Guangyang
Daughters:
Henü
Xiao Yu's daughter-in-law
Wugulun Yi's wife
Full name
Wanyan Liang (sinicised name)
Digunai (Jurchen name)
Era dates
Tiande (天德; 1149–1153)
Zhenyuan (貞元; 1153–1156)
Zhenglong (正隆; 1156–1161)
Posthumous name
Prince Yang of Hailing (海陵煬王)
Commoner of Hailing (海陵庶人)
Father Wanyan Zonggan
Mother Lady Da
Wanyan Liang
Chinese 金海陵王
Digunai
Chinese 迪古乃
Wanyan Liang
Traditional Chinese 完顏亮
Simplified Chinese 完颜亮

Digunai (24 February 1122 – 15 December 1161), also known by his sinicised name Wanyan Liang and his formal title Prince of Hailing (or Hailing Wang), was the fourth emperor of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty, which ruled northern China between the 12th and 13th centuries. He was the second son of Wanyan Zonggan (完顏宗幹), a son of Aguda (Emperor Taizu) (the founder of the Jin dynasty). He came to power in 1150 after overthrowing and murdering his predecessor, Emperor Xizong, in a coup d'état. During his reign, he moved the Jin capital from Shangjing (present-day Acheng District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province) to Yanjing (present-day Beijing), and introduced a policy of sinicisation. In 1161, after the Jin dynasty lost the Battle of Caishi against the Southern Song dynasty, Digunai's subordinates rebelled against him and assassinated him. After his death, even though he ruled as an emperor during his lifetime, he was posthumously demoted to the status of a prince – "Prince Yang of Hailing" – in 1162 by his successor, Emperor Shizong. However, in 1181, Emperor Shizong further posthumously demoted him to the status of a commoner, hence he is also known as the "Commoner of Hailing".

Background

Main article: Jin–Song Wars

Digunai was the second son of Woben (斡本; also known as Wanyan Zonggan 完顏宗幹), a son of Aguda (Emperor Taizu), the founder of the Jin dynasty. Emperor Taizu's brother and successor, Emperor Taizong, started a series of wars between the Jin and Song dynasties. During the reign of Emperor Xizong, who succeeded Emperor Taizong, Wanyan Zonggan was described as the most influential man in the Jin imperial court.[1]

Digunai, who was an army marshal under Emperor Xizong, overthrew the emperor in a coup d'état in 1150 and replaced him.[2] Having seized the throne through illegitimate means, Digunai was suspicious of other members of the Jurchen aristocracy, and, immediately upon taking the throne, started eliminating potential rivals. He ordered the massacre of the descendants of Emperor Taizong, so as to secure the position of the lineage of Emperor Taizu, to which he belonged.[3]

Reign

Digunai capitalised on the Jin dynasty's "superior status" vis-à-vis the Song dynasty after its victory over the latter in 1141, and sought to make the Jin dynasty the sole Chinese empire. To legitimise himself as a sinicised ruler, in 1150 he lifted Emperor Taizong's prohibition of wearing Han Chinese dress, and adopted an array of Han Chinese practices and institutions, such as holding of sacrificial ceremonies in the northern and southern suburbs of his capital in 1149 (cf. ceremonies conducted at the Temple of Earth and Temple of Heaven in Beijing during the Ming and Qing dynasties), the use of the imperial carriage in 1151, a system of feudal rights in 1156, and the Song dynasty's shan-hu (山呼) style of court ceremonies in 1157.[4] Digunai also introduced the imperial examination system in 1150 and set up the Imperial Academy in the following year.[4] In his pursuit for greater sinicisation and the desire to acquire the Mandate of Heaven, Digunai moved his imperial court from Shangjing (present-day Acheng District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province to Yanjing (present-day Beijing) in 1153. In 1157, he ordered the destruction of the imperial palaces in Shangjing.[4]

In contrast to the traditions of the Tang and Song dynasties, which rarely imposed corporal punishment on the members of the society's educated elites, Digunai continued the Khitan and Jurchen tradition of floggings with gusto, sometimes enjoying personally watching his subjects – including chancellors, censors, and a princess – beaten with poles or whips.[3]

Assassination

Digunai's attempts to conquer the Southern Song dynasty and unify China under the Jin dynasty's rule ended in failure when his fleet was defeated by Song forces[5] at the battles of Tangdao and Caishi in 1161. Many of his officers defected and in some places the people rebelled against him.[6] His subordinates conspired against him and assassinated him on 15 December 1161 in a military camp near the Yangtze River.[7] Digunai's cousin, Wulu, who had led a rebellion against Digunai's rule, was proclaimed the new emperor.[6]

Family

See also

http://jinchacha.info/

References

Citations

  1. Tao, p. 43
  2. Chinese History – Jin Dynasty 金 (1115–1234) event history
  3. 1 2 Tao, p.45
  4. 1 2 3 Tao, p.44
  5. Tao, pp. 23–24
  6. 1 2 Tao, p. 70
  7. Robert Hymes (2000). John Stewart Bowman, ed. Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. Columbia University Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-231-11004-4.

Sources

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 8/15/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.