Washington Principles on Nazi-Confiscated Art
| Washington Conference Principles on Nazi-Confiscated Art | |
|---|---|
| Presented | 3 December 1998 |
| Author(s) | Stuart E. Eizenstat |
| Subject | Nazi plunder |
| Purpose | Restitution of confiscated artworks |
The Washington Principles on Nazi-Confiscated Art, formally the Washington Conference Principles on Nazi-Confiscated Art and sometimes referred to as the Washington Declaration is a statement concerning the restitution of art confiscated by the Nazi regime in Germany before and during World War II.[1] It was released in connection with the Washington Conference on Holocaust Era Assets, held in Washington, D.C., United States, on 3 December 1998.[1]
The Conference
The conference was hosted by the United States Department of State and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.[2] It assembled participants from a 1995 New York symposium, The Spoils of War—World War II and Its Aftermath: The Loss, Reappearance, and Recovery of Cultural Property, along with others,[2] and built on the Nazi Gold conference which had been held in London in December 1997.[2]
The 1998 conference's aim was to discuss Jewish losses in particular, including artworks, books, and archives, as well as insurance claims and other types of assets.[2] 44 governments, including the reunified Germany, sent delegates,[3] as did thirteen international non-governmental organizations.[2] The conference organizer was the U.S. Under Secretary of State for Economic, Business, and Agricultural Affairs, Stuart E. Eizenstat,[2] who had previously been United States Ambassador to the European Union,[4] and its chairman was Judge Abner Mikva.[3] U.S. Secretary of State, Madeleine Albright gave the opening address.[5]
The Principles
The statement includes eleven numbered principles, prefixed:[1]
In developing a consensus on non-binding principles to assist in resolving issues relating to Nazi-confiscated art, the Conference recognizes that among participating nations there are differing legal systems and that countries act within the context of their own laws.
The principles are:[1]
- Art that had been confiscated by the Nazis and not subsequently restituted should be identified.
- Relevant records and archives should be open and accessible to researchers, in accordance with the guidelines of the International Council on Archives.
- Resources and personnel should be made available to facilitate the identification of all art that had been confiscated by the Nazis and not subsequently restituted.
- In establishing that a work of art had been confiscated by the Nazis and not subsequently restituted, consideration should be given to unavoidable gaps or ambiguities in the provenance in light of the passage of time and the circumstances of the Holocaust era.
- Every effort should be made to publicize art that is found to have been confiscated by the Nazis and not subsequently restituted in order to locate its pre-War owners or their heirs.
- Efforts should be made to establish a central registry of such information.
- Pre-War owners and their heirs should be encouraged to come forward and make known their claims to art that was confiscated by the Nazis and not subsequently restituted.
- If the pre-War owners of art that is found to have been confiscated by the Nazis and not subsequently restituted, or their heirs, can be identified, steps should be taken expeditiously to achieve a just and fair solution, recognizing this may vary according to the facts and circumstances surrounding a specific case.
- If the pre-War owners of art that is found to have been confiscated by the Nazis, or their heirs, can not be identified, steps should be taken expeditiously to achieve a just and fair solution.
- Commissions or other bodies established to identify art that was confiscated by the Nazis and to assist in addressing ownership issues should have a balanced membership.
- Nations are encouraged to develop national processes to implement these principles, particularly as they relate to alternative dispute resolution mechanisms for resolving ownership issues.
The Principles were outlined by Eizenstat, along with "Declarations of the Task Force for International Cooperation on Holocaust Education, Remembrance, and Research."[2] He also gave a statement at the conference, titled In Support of Principles on Nazi-Confiscated Art, saying:[6]
Several weeks ago, we prepared a discussion paper of 11 general principles, which was used as the basis of extensive consultations and which all of you have today. These principles are not, in themselves, a solution. They are a means by which nations can fashion their own solutions consistent with their own legal systems. The principles try to capture the spirit of this conference for nations engaging in this task.If these principles are properly applied, the discovery of Nazi-confiscated art will no longer be a matter of chance. Instead, there will be an organized international effort -- voluntary in nature but backed by a strong moral commitment -- to search provenance and uncover stolen art. This effort will be undertaken by governments, NGOs, museums, auctioneers and dealers.
References
- 1 2 3 4 "Washington Conference Principles on Nazi-Confiscated Art". United States Department of State. Retrieved 4 October 2016.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "The Washington Conference on Holocaust-Era Assets". Fcit.usf.edu. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
- 1 2 Eizenstat, Stuart E. (20 May 1999). "05/20/99: Eizenstat Briefing on Holocaust-Era Assets Conference". University of South Florida. Retrieved 4 October 2016.
- ↑ "Stuart E. Eizenstat". Covington & Burling. Retrieved 4 October 2016.
- ↑ Albright, Madeleine K. (1 December 1998). "The Washington Conference on Holocaust-Era Assets". University of South Florida. Retrieved 4 October 2016.
- ↑ Eizenstat, Stuart E. (3 December 1998). "12/03/98: Eizenstat -- Principles on Nazi-Confiscated Art". University of South Florida. Retrieved 4 October 2016.