White-cheeked barbet

White-cheeked barbet
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Piciformes
Family: Megalaimidae
Genus: Psilopogon
Species: P. viridis
Binomial name
Psilopogon viridis
(Boddaert, 1783) Type locality: Mahé
Synonyms

Bucco viridis
Thereiceryx viridis
Megalaima viridis

The white-cheeked barbet or small green barbet (Psilopogon viridis) is a species of barbet found in southern India. It is very similar to the more widespread brown-headed barbet (or large green barbet) (Psilopogon zeylanica) but this species has a distinctive supercilium and a broad white cheek stripe below the eye and is endemic to the forest areas of the Western Ghats and adjoining hills. The brown-headed barbet has an orange eye-ring but the calls are very similar and the two species occur together in some of the drier forests to the east of the Western Ghats. Like all other Asian barbets they are mainly frugivorous although they may sometimes eat insects and they use their bills to excavate nest cavities in trees.

Description

Like many other barbets of Asia, these are green, sit still, and perch upright making them difficult to spot. During the breeding season which begins at the start of summer their calls become loud and constant especially in the mornings. The call, a monotonous Kot-roo ... Kotroo... starting with an explosive trrr is not easily differentiated from that of the brown-headed barbet. During hot afternoons, they may also utter a single note wut not unlike the call of collared scops owl or coppersmith barbet. Other harsh calls are produced during aggressive encounters.[2]

The head is brownish streaked with white, sometimes giving it a capped appearance. The bill is pale pinkish. The length is 165-185mm, head of 51-53mm and tail of 60-67mm.[3] Size varies from the larger northern birds to the southern ones.[4]

These birds are mostly frugivorous, but will take winged termites and other insects opportunistically. They feed on the fruits of various Ficus species including Ficus benjamina and Ficus mysorensis,[5] and other introduced fruit trees such as Muntingia calabura. When foraging they are quite aggressive and will attempt to chase other barbets, koels and other frugivores.[3][6]

Distribution

The main range is along the Western Ghats south from the Surat Dangs and along the associated hills of southern India into parts of the southern Eastern Ghats mainly in the Shevaroy and Chitteri hills.[2][3] In some areas such as in the city of Bengaluru, it has been suggested that this species may have displaced the brown-headed barbet which was once said to occur there.[7]

Behaviour and ecology

Like woodpeckers, the barbets perch on the trunk to hollow their nest. The rictal bristles around the beak are prominent.

These birds are primary cavity nesters, chiseling out the trunk or a vertical branch of tree with a round entry hole. They breed from December to July, sometimes raising two broods.[3] Favoured nest trees in urban areas include gulmohur (Delonix regia) and African tulip (Spathodea campanulata). These nest holes may also be used as roosts.[8] They may reuse the same nest tree each year but often excavate a new entrance hole.[9][10]

These barbets play an important role in forests as seed dispersal agents.[11][12][13] They also visit the flowers of Bombax for nectar and may be involved in pollination.[2]

Call

These barbets are arboreal and will rarely visit the ground. They obtain most of the water they need from their fruit diet. When water is available in a tree hole, they will sometimes drink and bathe.[14]

Their fruit eating makes them a minor nuisance in fruit orchards although they are noted as having a beneficial effect in coffee plantations.[15][16]

A species of tick in the genus Haemaphysalis is known to be specific in its parasitic association with this species[17] and some species of Leucocytozoon are known to be blood parasites.[18] Some species of Haemaphysalis are known to carry the virus responsible for the Kyasanur forest disease.[19] Shikras have been recorded preying on adults.[20]

Salim Ali noted that some birds may call in the night during the breeding season, but this has been questioned by other observers such as K K Neelakantan who note that these birds appear to be strictly diurnal.[21]

Courtship and breeding

In southern India (Periyar Tiger Reserve) these barbets begin breeding in December and continue to nest until May. This species is believed to form a pair bond that lasts for longer than a single breeding season. Calling is intense during the courtship period. Courtship feeding of the female by the male is usual prior to copulation. Calling intensity drops after the hatching of the eggs.[20]

The nest hole is usually made in dead branches. These barbets are aggressive towards smaller hole-nesters such as the Malabar barbet, sometimes destroying their nests by pecking at the entrance. Both sexes excavate the nest and it can take about 20 days to complete the nest. Eggs are laid about 3–5 days after nest excavation. About 3 eggs are laid. The incubation period is 14 to 15 days. During the day both sexes incubate, but at night, only the female sits on the eggs. The pair will defend their nests from palm squirrels which sometimes prey on the eggs. Chicks are fed an insect rich diet. The young leave the nest after 36 to 38 days.[20]

References

  1. ↑ BirdLife International (2012). "Megalaima viridis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  2. 1 2 3 Ali, S & S D Ripley (1983). Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan. 4 (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 155–156. ISBN 0-19-562063-1.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Rasmussen, PC & JC Anderton (2005). Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions. p. 277.
  4. ↑ Blandford, WT (1895). The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Birds. Volume 3 (1st ed.). Taylor and Francis. pp. 89–90.
  5. ↑ Shanahan, M.; Samson So; Stephen G. Compton & Richard Corlett (2001). "Fig-eating by vertebrate frugivores: a global review" (PDF). Biol. Rev. 76 (4): 529–572. doi:10.1017/S1464793101005760. PMID 11762492.
  6. ↑ Kumar, TNV; Zacharias, VJ (1993). "Time budgets in fruit-eating Koel Eudynamys scolopacea and Barbet Megalaima viridis". In Verghese,A; Sridhar,S; Chakravarthy,AK. Bird Conservation: Strategies for the Nineties and Beyond. Ornithological Society of India, Bangalore. pp. 161–163.
  7. ↑ George, J, ed. (1994). Annotated Checklist of the Birds of Bangalore. Birdwatchers' field club of Bangalore.
  8. ↑ Neelakantan,KK (1964). "The roosting habits of the barbet". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 4 (3): 1–2.
  9. ↑ Baker, ECS (1927). The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Birds. Volume (4. Second ed.). Taylor and Francis, London. p. 114.
  10. ↑ Neelakantan KK (1964). "More about the Green Barbet Megalaima viridis". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 4 (9): 5–7.
  11. ↑ Ganesh T & Priya Davidar (2001). "Dispersal modes of tree species in the wet forests of southern Western Ghats" (PDF). Current Science. 80 (3): 394–399.
  12. ↑ Ganesh T & Priya Davidar (1999). "Fruit biomass and relative abundance of frugivores in a rain forest of southern Western Ghats, India". Journal of Tropical Ecology. 15: 399–413. doi:10.1017/S0266467499000917.
  13. ↑ Ganesh T & Priya Davidar (1997). "Flowering Phenology and Flower Predation of Cullenia exarillata (Bombacaceae) by Arboreal Vertebrates in Western Ghats, India". Journal of Tropical Ecology. 13 (3): 459–468. doi:10.1017/S0266467400010622.
  14. ↑ Yahya,HSA (1991). "Drinking and bathing behaviour of the Large Green Megalaima zeylanica (Gmelin) and the Small Green M. viridis (Boddaert) Barbets". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 88 (3): 454–455.
  15. ↑ Yahya, H.S.A. (1983). "Observations on the feeding behaviour of barbet (Megalaima sp.) in coffee estates of South India". Journal of Coffee Research. 12 (3): 72–76.
  16. ↑ Chakravarthy AK (2004). "Role of Vertebrates in Inflicting Diseases in Fruit Orchards and their Management in Fruit and Vegetable Diseases". In Mukerji KG. 95-142. doi:10.1007/0-306-48575-3_4.
  17. ↑ Rajagopalan PK (1963). "Haemaphysalis megalaimae sp. n., a New Tick from the Small Green Barbet (Megalaima viridis) in India". The Journal of Parasitology. The American Society of Parasitologists. 49 (2): 340–345. doi:10.2307/3276011. JSTOR 3276011.
  18. ↑ Jones, Hugh I.; Ravinder N. M. Sehgal & Thomas B. Smith (2005). "Leucocytozoon (Apicomplexa: Leucocytozoidae) from West African birds, with descriptions of two species" (PDF). J. Parasitol. 91 (2): 397–401. doi:10.1645/GE-3409. PMID 15986615.
  19. ↑ Boshell M., Jorge (1969). "Kyasanur Forest Disease: Ecologic Considerations". Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 18 (1): 67–80. PMID 5812658.
  20. 1 2 3 Yahya,HSA (1988). "Breeding biology of Barbets, Megalaima spp. (Capitonidae: Piciformes) at Periyar Tiger Reserve, Kerala". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 85 (3): 493–511.
  21. ↑ Neelakantan,KK (1964). "The Green Barbet Megalaima viridis". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 4 (4): 6–7.

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