Blind Willie Johnson

Blind Willie Johnson
Only known photograph of Johnson
Background information
Also known as	Blind Willie, Blind Texas Marlin, The Blind Pilgrim
Born	January 25, 1897 Pendleton, Texas, United States
Died	September 18, 1945 (aged 48) Beaumont, Texas, U.S.
Genres	Gospel gospel blues
Occupation(s)	Musician preacher
Instruments	Guitar vocals
Years active	1920s–1945
Notable instruments
Stella guitar

Blind Willie Johnson (January 25, 1897 – September 18, 1945) was an American gospel blues singer-guitarist and evangelist. His landmark recordings completed between 1927 and 1930—thirty songs in total—display a combination of powerful "chest voice" singing, slide guitar skills, and originality that has influenced later generations of musicians. Even though Johnson's records sold well, as a street performer and preacher he had little wealth in his lifetime. His life was poorly documented and open to speculation; however, over time music historians such as Samuel Charters have uncovered more about Johnson and his five recording sessions.

Johnson's music experienced a revival which began in the 1960s following his inclusion on Harry Smith's Anthology of American Folk Music, and the efforts of blues guitarist Reverend Gary Davis. Over time, Johnson's work has become more accessible through compilation albums such as Blind Willie Johnson 1927–1930 and The Complete Blind Willie Johnson, both spearheaded by Charters. As a result, Johnson is credited as one of the most influential practitioners of the blues and his slide guitar playing, particularly on his hymn "Dark Was the Night, Cold Was the Ground", is highly acclaimed. Other recordings by Johnson include "Jesus Make Up My Dying Bed", "It's Nobody's Fault but Mine", and "John the Revelator".

Biography

Early life and career

Johnson was born on January 25, 1897, in Pendleton, Texas, a small town near Waco, to sharecropper George Johnson (also identified as Willie Johnson Sr.) and his wife Mary Fields, who died in 1901.^[1][2][3] His family, which according to blues historian Steven Calt included at least one younger brother named Carl, moved to the agriculturally rich community of Marlin, where Johnson spent most of his childhood. There, the Johnson family attended church—most likely the Marlin Missionary Baptist Church—every Sunday, a practice which had a lasting impact on Johnson and fueled his desire to be ordained as a Baptist minister.^[1] When Johnson was five years old, his father bestowed upon him his first instrument—a cigar box guitar.^[1][4]

Johnson was not born blind, though he was impaired with the disability at an early age. Although it is uncertain how he lost his sight, it is generally agreed upon by most biographers of Johnson that he was blinded by his step-mother when he was seven years old, a claim that was first made by Johnson's purported widow Angeline Johnson.^[5][6] In her recollection, Willie Johnson's father had violently confronted his step-mother about her infidelity, and during the argument she splashed Johnson with a caustic solution of lye water, permanently blinding him.^[7] Other theories have also been developed to explain Johnson's visual impairment, including him wearing the wrong spectacles, seeing a partial solar eclipse that was observable over Texas in 1905, or a combination of the two conjectures.^[1]

While few other details are known about the singer's childhood, at some point he met another blind musician named Madkin Butler, who had a powerful singing and preaching style that influenced Johnson's own vocal delivery and repertoire.^[8] Adam Booker, a blind minister interviewed by blues historian Samuel Charters in the 1950s, recalled that Johnson would perform religious songs on street corners while visiting his father in Hearne with a tin cup tied to the neck of his Stella guitar to collect money.^[7] Occasionally, Johnson would play on the same street as Blind Lemon Jefferson, but the extent of the two songsters' involvement with each other is unknown.^[7] In 1926 or early 1927, Johnson established an unregistered marriage with Willie B. Harris, who occasionally sang on the street with him and at benefits for the Marlin Church of God in Christ with Johnson accompanied on piano. From the relationship, Johnson had a daughter named Sam Faye Johnson Kelly in 1931.^[9][10] Blues guitarist L. C. Robinson's sister Anne also claimed to have been married to Johnson in the late 1920s.^[11]

Recording sessions (1927–1930)

By the time Johnson began his recording career, he was a well-known evangelist with a "remarkable technique and a wide range of songs", as noted by blues historian Paul Oliver.^[12] On December 3, 1927, Johnson was assembled along with Billiken Johnson and Coley Jones at a temporary studio that talent scout Frank Buckley Walker had set up in the Deep Ellum neighborhood in Dallas to record for Columbia Records. In the ensuing session, Johnson played six selections, 13 takes in total, and was accompanied by Willie B. Harris on his first recording, "I Know His Blood Can Make Me Whole".^[7] Among the other songs Johnson recorded in Dallas were "Jesus Make Up My Dying Bed", "It's Nobody's Fault but Mine", "Mother's Children Have a Hard Time", "Dark Was the Night, Cold Was the Ground", and "If I Had My Way I'd Tear the Building Down".^[13][14] He was compensated with $50 per "usable" side—a substantial payroll for the period—and a bonus to sign away his royalty rights from sales of the records.^[13]

The first songs to be released were "I Know His Blood Can Make Me Whole" and "Jesus Make Up My Dying Bed" on Columbia's popular 14000 Race series. Johnson's debut became a substantial success as 9,400 copies were pressed, more than one of Columbia's most-established stars Bessie Smith's latest release at the time, and an additional pressing of 6,000 copies followed.^[15] His fifth recorded song, "Dark Was the Night, Cold Was the Ground", the eventual B-side to Johnson's second release, best exemplifies his unique guitar playing in regular tuning in Open D for slide. For the session, Johnson substituted a knife or penknife for the bottleneck and—according to Harris—he played with a thumb-pick.^[16] His melancholy, indescribable humming of the guitar part creates the impression of "unison moaning", a style of singing hymns that is common in southern African American church choirs.^[17] In 1928, blues critic Edward Abbe Niles praised Johnson in his column for The Bookman, emphasizing his "violent, tortured, and abysmal shouts and groans, and his inspired guitar playing".^[18]

Johnson, accompanied by Harris, returned to Dallas on December 5, 1928, to record "I'm Gonna Run to the City of Refuge", "Jesus Is Coming Soon", "Lord I Just Can't Keep From Crying", and "Keep Your Lamp Trimmed and Burning".^[19] Two unreleased and untitled tracks were also recorded by Johnson under the pseudonym Blind Texas Marlin, but the master tapes of the session have never been recovered.^[20] Another year had passed before Johnson recorded again on December 10 and 11, 1929, his longest sessions of his career. He completed ten sides on 16 takes at Werlein's Music Store in New Orleans, also recording some duets with an unknown female singer who is thought to have been a member of Reverend J.M. Gates's congregation, according to Johnson's biographer D. N. Blakey.^[21] Blind street performer Dave Ross reported spectating Johnson performing on the street in New Orleans in December 1929.^[7] According to a story heard by jazz historian Richard Allen, Johnson was arrested while performing in front of the Custom House on Canal Street, for allegedly attempting to incite a riot with his impassioned rendition of "If I Had My Way I'd Tear the Building Down".^[7][22]

For his fourth and final recording session, Johnson journeyed to Atlanta, with Harris returning to provide vocal harmonies. Ten selections were completed on April 20, 1930, and "Everybody Ought to Treat a Stranger Right" paired with "Go with Me to That Land" were chosen as the first single released from the session. However, the Great Depression had wiped out much of Johnson's audience, consequently limiting pressings to only 800 copies. Some of his songs were re-released by Vocalion Records in 1932, but Johnson never recorded again.^[7][23]

Later life and death

Johnson allegedly remarried, this time to Angeline Johnson, in the early 1930s, but, as with Harris, it is unlikely that the union was officially registered.^[24] Throughout the Great Depression and the 1940s, he performed in several cities and towns in Texas, including Beaumont. A city directory shows that in 1945, a Reverend W. J. Johnson—undoubtedly Blind Willie—operated the House of Prayer at 1440 Forrest Street, in Beaumont.^[7][25] In 1945, his home was destroyed by a fire, but, with nowhere else to go, Johnson continued to live in the ruins of his house where he was exposed to the humidity. He contracted malarial fever, but no hospital would admit Johnson either because, as Angeline Johnson stated in an interview with Charters, of his visual impairment or because he was black.^[7] Over the course of the year, his condition steadily worsened until Johnson died on September 18, 1945. His death certificate also reported syphilis and blindness as contributing factors.^[26][27]

According to his death certificate, he was buried in Blanchette Cemetery, in Beaumont. The location of the cemetery had been forgotten until it was rediscovered in 2009. His grave site remains unknown, but the researchers who identified the cemetery erected a monument there in his honor in 2010.^[26][28]

Musical style

	"Keep Your Lamp Trimmed and Burning" Traditional blues song recorded in 1928 by Johnson and his first wife
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Johnson is considered one of the masters of blues, particular of the gospel blues style. Like his contemporary Blind Lemon Jefferson, Johnson channeled the expressiveness of the blues into his religious messages derived from hymn books.^[5] Sam Charters in the liner notes to the compilation album The Complete Blind Willie Johnson wrote that, in fact, Johnson was not a bluesman in the traditional sense, "but here still is so much similarity between his relentless guitar rhythms and his harsh, insistent voice, and the same fierce intensities of the blues singers, that they become images of each other, seen in the mirror of the society that produced them".^[7]

An important aspect of Johnson's recordings was his mastering of the bottleneck guitar technique, which was immediately influential on Robert Johnson and Howlin' Wolf.^[29] He punctuated his selections with tonal control and sense of timing, often using the guitar as a part of Johnson's harmonic phrasing, particularly on "Dark Was the Night, Cold Was the Ground".^[15] By most accounts, including one by reputable blues guitarist Blind Willie McTell, Johnson utilized a knife as a slide, but other claims by Harris and bluesman Thom Shaw also state he used a thumb-pick or brass ring on his recordings.^[30] Music historian Steve Halt said of Johnson's style: "opposed to other bottleneck artists he varies the speed of his vibrato drastically, often speeding up as he slides into a note. He is also one of the few bottleneck artists with the ability to consistently sound 3 or 4 discreet melody notes upon striking a string once, a skill that reflects uncanny left-handed strength, accuracy and agility".^[31]

Johnson sang in a harsh and gravely bass voice that was meant to be powerful enough to be channeled by passersby on the streets.^[32] His vocal interplay was described by blues writer Mark Makin as "fierce" and "not unlike the 'Hell and Damnation' of a Baptist preacher such as a fired-up Reverend A. W. Nix".^[15] On some instances in his recordings, Johnson also delivered vocals in his natural tenor voice.^[15] The only known influence on Johnson's singing style is blind musician Madkin Butler, who, like Johnson, sang his religious message on the streets of Texas cities.^[32]

Legacy

Johnson's music experienced a revival in the 1960s thanks in large part to his inclusion on Harry Smith's Anthology of American Folk Music in 1952, and the efforts of blues guitarist Reverend Gary Davis, a highly regarded figure in New York's blossoming folk scene. As he taught Johnson's music to young musicians, groups and acts like the Soul Stirrers, the Staples Singers, Buffy Sainte-Marie, Fairport Convention, and Peter, Paul and Mary covered or re-interpreted his work.^[16][29] In November 1962, Bob Dylan recorded a rendition of "Jesus Make Up My Dying Bed", retitled "In My Time of Dying", for his self-titled debut album.^[33] Rock bands and artists of the 1970s also covered Johnson's songs, including Led Zeppelin, John Sebastian, and Eric Clapton.^[27][34] Alligator Records released the tribute album God Don't Never Change: The Songs of Blind Willie Johnson in 2016 with covers by various artists.^[35][36]

All of Johnson's released material has become easily accessible thanks to its preservation on compilation albums such as Blind Willie Johnson 1927-1930 and The Complete Blind Willie Johnson, among others. Samuel Charters was the first major blues historian to attempt to uncovered more about Johnson's life, first documenting him in his 1959 book The Country Blues. Later on, Charters corrected some factual inaccuracies about Johnson's biography in the liner notes to The Complete Blind Willie Johnson, in 1993.^[7][37] Other books related to Johnson include Shine a Light: My Year with Blind Willie Johnson and Revelation The Blind Willie Johnson Biography.^[38]

In 1977, Carl Sagan and a team of researchers were tasked with collecting a representation of Earth and the human experience for sending on the Voyager probe to other life forms in the universe.^[39] Among the 27 songs selected for the Voyager Golden Record, "Dark Was the Night, Cold Was the Ground" was included because, according to Sagan, "Johnson's song concerns a situation he faced many times: nightfall with no place to sleep. Since humans appeared on Earth, the shroud of night has yet to fall without touching a man or woman in the same plight".^[39] Johnson's recording of "Dark Was the Night, Cold Was the Ground" was also selected by the Library of Congress as a 2010 addition to the National Recording Registry, which selects recordings annually that are deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".^[40]

See also

• List of songs recorded by Blind Willie Johnson

References

1. Blakey, D.N. (2007). Revelation Blind Willie Johnson The Biography. DNB45 Publishing. pp. 4–6. ISBN 978-1-4303-2899-5.
2. Ford, Shane (2011). Shine a Light: My Year with "Blind" Willie Johnson. p. 72. ISBN 978-1-4583-7155-3.
3. Poet, J. "Blind Willie Johnson: The Timeless Sound of Salvation". Lone Star Music Magazine. Retrieved October 25, 2016.
4. Pinkard, Ryan. "Dark Was the Night: The Legacy of Blind Willie Johnson". Tidal. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
5. Charters, Smauel (1965). Blind Willie Johnson 1927–1930 (PDF) (liner notes). Smithsonian Folkways. RBF-10.
6. Layne, Joslyn. "Blind Willie Johnson - Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
7. Charters, Smauel (1993). The Complete Blind Willie Johnson (CD booklet). Columbia Legacy. CK 52836.
8. Hall, Michael. "The Soul of a Man". Texas Monthly. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
9. "Legendary Blind Willie Johnson". Acoustic Guitar. Retrieved October 18, 2016.
10. Komara, Edward (2006). The Blues Encyclopedia. T & F Bomara. p. 327. ISBN 0-415-92699-8.
11. Jasinski, Laurie (2012). Handbook of Texas Music. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-0-87611-297-7.
12. Smith, Brad. "Blind Willie Johnson's "Dark Was the Night, Cold Was the Ground"" (PDF). American Music. Retrieved October 25, 2016.
13. Blakey, D.N. (2007). Revelation Blind Willie Johnson The Biography. DNB45 Publishing. pp. 12–15. ISBN 978-1-4303-2899-5.
14. Green, Elon. "How do you sing Blind Willie Johnson?". The New Yorker. Retrieved October 21, 2016.
15. Makin, Mark (2006). Blind Willie Johnson, Volume 1 (CD booklet). Document Records. DOCD-5690.
16. Obrecht, Jas (1998). "Can't Nobody Hide from God: The Steel-String Evangelism of Blind Willie Johnson". Guitar Player, 32 (6). pp. 57–62.
17. Dargan, William (2006). Lining Out the Word: Dr. Watts Hymn Singing in the Music of Black Americans. University of California Press. p. 70. ISBN 0-520-23448-0.
18. Hurwitt, Elliot (2008). Ramblin' on My Mind: New Perspectives on the Blues. University of Illinois Press. pp. 131–134. ISBN 0-252-07448-3.
19. "Blind Willie Johnson discography". Wirz. Retrieved October 21, 2016.
20. Baier, Mark. "Blind Willie Johnson". Chicago Blues Guide. Retrieved October 21, 2016.
21. Blakey, D.N. (2007). Revelation Blind Willie Johnson The Biography. DNB45 Publishing. pp. 162–163. ISBN 978-1-4303-2899-5.
22. "Johnson, Blind Willie". The Handbook of Texas. Retrieved October 21, 2016.
23. Blakey, D.N. (2007). Revelation Blind Willie Johnson The Biography. DNB45 Publishing. pp. 224–226. ISBN 978-1-4303-2899-5.
24. Blakey, D.N. (2007). Revelation Blind Willie Johnson The Biography. DNB45 Publishing. pp. 8–9. ISBN 978-1-4303-2899-5.
25. Carlson, James. "Dark Was the Night: The Life and Times of Blind Willie Johnson". No Depression. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
26. Ford, Shane (2011). Shine a Light: My Year with "Blind" Willie Johnson. pp. 169–170. ISBN 978-1-4583-7155-3.
27. Greenblatt, Mike. "Blind Willie Johnson's singing eclipses music, lyrics". Goldmine. Retrieved October 21, 2016.
28. "Blind Willie Johnson Historical Marker Approved". News Wire. Retrieved October 22, 2016.
29. Smith, Nathan. "Pioneers: Blind Willie Johnson". Texas Music Magazine. Retrieved October 21, 2016.
30. Blakey, D.N. (2007). Revelation Blind Willie Johnson The Biography. DNB45 Publishing. pp. 68–70. ISBN 978-1-4303-2899-5.
31. Halt, Steve (2012). Praise God, I'm Satisfied (CD booklet). Yazoo Records. L-1085.
32. Lewis, James. "Master of slide guitar Blind Willie Johnson". Cross Rhythms. Retrieved October 21, 2016.
33. "Bob Dylan (1962)". Bob Dylan. Retrieved October 25, 2016.
34. Coppedge, Clay. "Blind Willie Johnson's history in Temple a Little Murky". Temple Daily Telegram. Retrieved October 25, 2016.
35. Horowitz, Hal. "Various artists: God Don't Never Change: The Songs of Blind Willie Johnson". American Songwriter. Retrieved October 25, 2016.
36. Jurek, Thom. "God Don't Never Change - Review". AllMusic. Retrieved October 25, 2016.
37. Koda, Cub. "The Complete Blind Willie Johnson - Review". AllMusic. Retrieved October 25, 2016.
38. "Review: Blind Willie Johnson - The Biography". Document Records. Retrieved October 25, 2016.
39. Nelson, Stephanie; Polansky, Larry (1993). The Music of the Voyager Interstellar Record. Journal of Applied Communication Research. pp. 358–375.
40. "The National Recording Registry 2010". Library of Congress. Retrieved October 25, 2016.

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