Women Airforce Service Pilots

Elizabeth L. Gardner, WASP, at the controls of a B-26 Marauder.
WASP Wings.

The Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP), called "Women's Army Service Pilots" in some sources,[1] was a paramilitary aviation organization. The WASP's predecessors, the Women's Flying Training Detachment (WFTD) and the Women's Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron (WAFS) organized separately in September 1942. They were the pioneering organizations of civilian female pilots, employed to fly military aircraft under the direction of the United States Army Air Forces during World War II. The WFTD and WAFS were merged on August 5, 1943, to create the paramilitary WASP organization. The female pilots of the WASP ended up numbering 1,074, each freeing a male pilot for combat service and duties. They flew over 60 million miles in every type of military aircraft.[2] The WASP was granted veteran status in 1977, and given the Congressional Gold Medal in 2009.[3][4]

Over 25,000 women applied; however, only 1,074 were accepted into the WASPs. The accepted women all had prior experience and pilot's licences. Of those accepted, the majority were white; aside from white women, the WASP had two Mexican American women, two Chinese American women (Hazel Ying Lee and Maggie Gee), and one Native American woman (Ola Mildred Rexroat).[5] Due to the existing climate of racial discrimination, the only African American applicant was asked to withdraw her application.[6]

Creation of the WASP

Deanie Parish in front of P-47 Thunderbolt on the flight line at Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida, in 1944.

By the summer of 1941, Florida native Jacqueline "Jackie" Cochran and test-pilot Nancy Harkness Love had independently submitted proposals to the U.S. Army Air Forces (the forerunner to the United States Air Force) to use women pilots in non-combat missions after the outbreak of World War II in Europe.[7] Their motivation was to free male pilots for combat roles by employing qualified female pilots to ferry aircraft from factories to military bases, and to tow drones and aerial targets. Prior to Pearl Harbor, General Henry H. "Hap" Arnold, commander of the USAAF, had turned down both Love's 1940 proposal and that of the better connected and more famous Cochran, despite the lobbying by Eleanor Roosevelt. But he essentially promised the command to Cochran, should such a force be needed in the future. While the U.S. was not yet fighting in World War II, Cochran had gone to England to volunteer to fly for the Air Transport Auxiliary (ATA).[8] The ATA had been using female pilots since January 1940, and was starting to also train new pilots. The American women who flew in the ATA were the first American women to fly military aircraft.[8] They flew the Royal Air Force's frontline aircraft—Spitfires, Typhoons, Hudsons, Mitchells, Blenheims, Oxfords, Walruses, and Sea Otters—in non-combat roles, but in combat-like conditions. Most of these women served in the ATA during the war. Only three members returned to the U.S. to participate in the WASP program. The U.S. was building its air power and military presence in anticipation of direct involvement in the conflict, and had belatedly begun to drastically expand its men in uniform. This period led to the dramatic increase in activity for the U.S. Army Air Forces, because of obvious gaps in "manpower" that could be filled by women. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, to [9] compensate for the manpower demands of the military, the government encouraged women to enter the workforce to fill both industrial and service jobs supporting the war effort.

To those most involved within the new Ferrying Division of the Air Transport Command (ATC), the numbers were painfully obvious. Col. William H. Tunner was in charge of acquiring civilian ferry pilots. He decided to integrate a civilian force of female pilots into the AAF, after speaking with Major Robert M. Love, ATC staff officer, and his wife Nancy. Convinced of the feasibility of the program by Mrs. Love, who had a Commercial Pilot License, he asked her to draw up a proposal, unaware that Arnold had shelved a similar proposal by Tunner's superior, Maj. Gen. Robert Olds.

Cochran had committed to go to Great Britain in March 1942 for the trial program of female pilots with the ATA. She used her association with the President and Mrs. Roosevelt to lobby Arnold to reject any plan that did not commission women, and set up an independent organization commanded by women. Ironically, Tunner's proposal called for commissioning women in the WAACs, but was turned down after review by Arnold.

WAFS

By the mid-summer of 1942, Arnold was willing to consider the prior proposals seriously. Tunner and Love's plan was reviewed by the ATC headquarters, and forwarded by commander Gen. Harold L. George to Arnold, who was fully aware of it and gave it his blessing, after Mrs. Roosevelt had suggested a similar idea in a newspaper column. The Women's Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron (WAFS) was headed by Mrs. Love, and went into operation on September 10, 1942. Soon, the Air Transport Command began using women to ferry planes from factory to airfields.

WFTD

Cochran returned to the United States on September 10, 1942, as the new organization was being publicized, and immediately confronted Arnold for an explanation. Arnold claimed ignorance and blamed the ATC staff, in particular George's chief of staff, Col. (and former president of American Airlines) C. R. Smith. With the publicity involved, the WAFS program could not be reversed, and so on September 15, 1942, Cochran's training proposal was also adopted. Cochran and Love's squadrons were thereby established separately. The 319th Women's Flying Training Detachment (WFTD) at the Municipal Airport (now Hobby Airport) in Houston, Texas, with Cochran as commanding officer, and the Women's Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron, the 2nd Ferrying Group at New Castle (Delaware) Army Air Base (now New Castle Airport).

Though rivals, the two programs and their respective leaders operated independently, and without acknowledgment of each other until the summer of 1943. When Cochran pushed aggressively for a single entity to control the activity of all women pilots. Tunner, in particular, objected on the basis of differing qualification standards, and the absolute necessity of the ATC being able to control its own pilots. But Cochran's preeminence with Arnold prevailed, and in July 1943 he ordered the programs merged, with Cochran as director.[8] The WAFS and the WFTD were combined to form the Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP). Love continued with the program as executive in charge of WASP ferrying operations.

Initial WASP training

The WASP training spanned 19 groups of women: The Originals, or WAFS led by Nancy Love, and The Guinea Pigs—Jacqueline Cochran's first of 18 classes of women pilots. They were required to complete the same primary, basic, and advanced training courses as male Army Air Corps pilots and many of them went on to specialized flight training.[4] Of the two Chinese-American women in the WASP, Hazel Ying Lee and Maggie Gee, only one survived the war. Hazel Ying Lee died following a runway collision,[10] but Maggie Gee survived. The only Native American woman in the WASP, Ola Mildred Rexroat, an Oglala Sioux woman from the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, South Dakota, also survived the war and later joined the Air Force.[11]

The WAFS each had an average of about 1,400 flying hours and a commercial pilot rating. They received 30 days of orientation to learn Army paperwork and to fly by military regulations. Afterward, they were assigned to various ferrying commands.[12]

The Guinea Pigs started training at the Houston Municipal Airport, now William P. Hobby Airport, (Texas) on November 16, 1942, as part of the 319th Army Air Force Women's Flying Training Detachment (AAFWFTD). This was just after the WAFS had started their orientation in Wilmington, Delaware. Unlike the WAFS, the women that reported to Houston did not have uniforms and had to find their own lodging. The "Woofteddies" (WFTD) also had minimal medical care, no life insurance, crash truck, or fire truck, and the ambulance was loaned from the Ellington Army Airfield, along with insufficient administrative staff, and a hodgepodge of aircraft—23 types—for training. As late as January 1943, when the third class was about to start their training, the three classes were described by Byrd Granger in On Final Approach, as "a raggle-taggle crowd in a rainbow of rumpled clothing", while they gathered for morning and evening colors.[13]

Photo by Lois Hailey, Class of 43–3 in January 1943—start of training.

This lack of resources, combined with the foggy and wet Houston weather delayed the graduation of the first class from February to April 1943. Conditions included the wet, sticky, clay soil everywhere, and a scarcity of rest rooms, which made the potential for morale problems significant. To minimize this, the Fifinella Gazette was started. The first issue was published February 10, 1943. The female gremlin Fifinella was conceived by Roald Dahl and drawn by Walt Disney, and used as the official WASP mascot that appeared on their shoulder patches.

The first Houston class started with 38 women with a minimum of 200 hours. Twenty-three graduated on April 24, 1943, at the only Houston WASP graduation at Ellington Army Air Field. The second Houston class, started in December 1942 with a minimum of 100 hours, but finished their training just in time to move to Sweetwater, Texas and become the first graduating class from Avenger Field on May 28, 1943. The third class completed their advanced training at Avenger Field and graduated July 3, 1943. Half of the fourth class of 76 women started their primary training in Houston on February 15, 1943, and then transferred to Sweetwater.

On March 7, 1943, the Houston classes incurred their first fatality. Margaret Oldenburg of 43-W-4 and her instructor, Norris G. Morgan, crashed seven miles south of Houston and were killed on impact.

By the end of May 1943, the Houston 319th AAFWFTD was history. Later in the summer of 1943, both the WAFS and WFTD were combined into the WASP.[14]

Duties of the WASP

Florene Watson preparing a P-51D-5NA for a ferry flight from the factory at Inglewood, California.

Each WASP had a pilot's license. They were trained to fly "the Army way" by the U.S. Army Air Forces at Avenger Field in Sweetwater, Texas. More than 25,000 women applied for the WASP, and fewer than 1,900 were accepted.[15] After completing four months of military flight training, 1,074 of them earned their wings and became the first women to fly American military aircraft.

The women were not trained for combat. Their course of instruction, however, was essentially the same as that for aviation cadets. The WASPs thus received no gunnery training, and very little formation flying and aerobatics, but went through the maneuvers necessary to be able to recover from any position. The percentage of trainees eliminated compared favorably with the elimination rates for male cadets in the Central Flying Training Command.

After training, the WASP were stationed at 122 air bases across the U.S.,[16] assuming numerous flight-related missions, and relieving male pilots for combat duty.[17] They flew sixty million miles of operational flights from aircraft factories to ports of embarkation and military training bases. They also towed targets for live anti-aircraft artillery practice, simulated strafing missions, and transported cargo. Women in these roles flew almost every type of aircraft flown by the USAAF during World War II. In addition, a few exceptionally qualified women were allowed to test rocket-propelled planes, to pilot jet-propelled planes, and to work with radar-controlled targets. Between September 1942 and December 1944, the WASP delivered 12,650 aircraft of 78 different types.

Thirty-eight WASP fliers lost their lives while serving during the war, all in accidents. Eleven died in training and twenty-seven on active duty. Because they were not considered military under the existing guidelines, a fallen WASP was sent home at family expense without traditional military honors or note of heroism. The army would not allow the U.S. flag to be placed on the coffin of the fallen WASP.[18]

Push for militarization

Helen W. Snapp, WASP, Washington, D.C., Low-target Squadron, Camp Stewart, Georgia, June 1944.

The WASP was considered civil service and did not receive military benefits, unlike their male counterparts.[8] On the other hand, they were not administratively tied to the Army Air Forces and could resign at any time after completion of their training, although few, if any did.

On September 30, 1943, the first of the WASP militarization bills was introduced in the United States House of Representatives. Both Cochran and Arnold desired a separate corps headed by a woman colonel (similar to the WAC, WAVES, SPAR, and Marine heads). The War Department, however, consistently opposed such a move, since there was no separate corps for male pilots as distinguished from unrated AAF officers. Instead, it preferred that women be commissioned in the WAC, and added to some 2,000 "Air WAC" officers assigned to flying duty, legally permissible.

On June 21, 1944, the House bill to give the WASP military status was narrowly defeated. The civilian male pilots lobbied against the bill: reacting to closure of some civilian flight training schools, and the termination of two male pilot training commissioning programs. The House Committee on the Civil Service (Ramspeck Committee) reported on June 5, 1944, that it considered the WASP unnecessary, unjustifiably expensive, and recommended that the recruiting and training of inexperienced women pilots be halted.

Cochran had been pushing for a resolution of the question: in effect, delivering an ultimatum to either commission the women or disband the program. The AAF had developed an excess of pilots and pilot candidates. As a result, Arnold (who had been a proponent of militarization) ordered that the WASP be disbanded by December 20, 1944.[8] Arnold is quoted from a speech he delivered at Avenger Field in Sweetwater, Texas on December 7, 1944:

The WASP has completed its mission. Their job has been successful. But as is usual in war, the cost has been heavy. Thirty-eight WASP have died while helping their country move toward the moment of final victory. The Air Forces will long remember their service and their final sacrifice.

It was also on December 20, 1944 that the final class of WASP pilots, 71 women in total, graduated from their training regardless of the plan to disband the WASP program within the following two weeks.[19] At the conclusion of the WASP program, 915 women pilots were on duty with the AAF: 620 assigned to the Training Command, 141 to the Air Transport Command, 133 to the numbered air forces in the continental United States, 11 to the Weather Wing, 9 to the technical commands and one to the Troop Carrier Command.

Legacy

Madge Moore showing the Daedalian Fighter Flight (Nellis AFB, NV) the WASP Congressional Gold Medal she was presented in Washington, D.C.
In July 2009, President Barack Obama signed the WASP Congressional Gold Medal into law.

All records of the WASP were classified and sealed for 35 years, so their contributions to the war effort were little known and inaccessible to historians. In 1975, under the leadership of Col. Bruce Arnold, son of General Hap Arnold, the WASP fought the "Battle of Congress" in Washington, D.C., to have the WASP recognized as veterans of World War II. They organized as a group again and tried to gain public support for their official veteran recognition. Finally in 1977, the records were unsealed after an Air Force press release erroneously stated the Air Force was training the first women to fly military aircraft for the U.S.[20]

This time, the WASPs lobbied Congress with the important support of Senator Barry Goldwater, who himself had been a World War II ferry pilot in the 27th Ferrying Squadron. President Jimmy Carter signed legislation, P.L.95–202, Section 401, The G.I. Bill Improvement Act of 1977, providing that service as a WASP would be considered "active duty" for the purposes of programs administered by the Veterans Administration.[21] In 1984, each WASP was awarded the World War II Victory Medal. Those who served for more than one year were also awarded American Theater Ribbon/American Campaign Medal for their service during the war. Many of the medals were accepted by the recipients' sons and daughters on their behalf.

Because of the pioneering and the expertise they demonstrated in successfully flying military aircraft, the WASP records showed that women pilots, when given the same training as men pilots, were as capable as men in non-combat flying.

The 1977 legislation, either despite or because of its language, did not expressly allow WASPs to be buried in Arlington National Cemetery. That was because Arlington National Cemetery, unlike most other national cemeteries, is administered by the Department of the Army, not the Department of Veterans Affairs. The Secretary of the Army determines eligibility for Arlington burial.[22] The reason for the position taken by the Army on this issue may have been the rapidly diminishing space at Arlington. But in 2002, the Army re-considered and decided that deceased WASPS were able to be buried in Arlington National Cemetery. In 2015, however, the Army re-interpreted the law and its own regulations against the backdrop of thirteen years of war, which once again threatened to deplete the cemetery of land. The Army ruled that the 1977 statute did not mandate the burial of deceased WASPs at Arlington. Legislation in 2016 seemingly overruled the Army's interpretation and it was widely reported that WASPs could "again" be buried at Arlington.[23]

But the 2016 law revives the long held concern about space. Thus, the legislation in the 114th Congress (S.2437 by Sen. Barbara Mikulski (D-Maryland) and H.R. 4336 by Rep. Martha McSally (R-Arizona), a retired Air Force fighter pilot), provides only for inurnment of cremated remains and not ground burial.

On July 1, 2009[3] President Barack Obama and the United States Congress awarded the WASP the Congressional Gold Medal. Three of the roughly 300 surviving WASPs were on hand to witness the event. During the ceremony President Obama said, "The Women Airforce Service Pilots courageously answered their country's call in a time of need while blazing a trail for the brave women who have given and continue to give so much in service to this nation since. Every American should be grateful for their service, and I am honored to sign this bill to finally give them some of the hard-earned recognition they deserve."[24] On May 10, 2010, the 300 surviving WASPs came to the US Capitol to accept the Congressional Gold Medal from House Speaker Nancy Pelosi and other Congressional leaders.[25]

On New Year's Day in 2014, the Rose Parade had a float with eight WASPs riding on it.[26]

Notable WASP aviators

Jackie Cochran (center) with WASP trainees.
Frances Green, Margaret (Peg) Kirchner, Ann Waldner and Blanche Osborn leaving their plane, "Pistol Packin' Mama," at the four-engine school at Lockbourne AAF, Ohio, during WASP ferry training B-17 Flying Fortress.
Service members of WASP on the flight line at Laredo Army Air Field, Texas, January 22, 1944

Fictional depiction

See also

Wikiquote has quotations related to: Women Airforce Service Pilots
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References

Notes

  1. ↑ “Cornwall Postmaster Ferried Warplanes in World War II,” The Evening News, Oct 8, 1971, page 3a; “Women Pilots May Become Members of the Army Air Forces,” The Reading Eagle, Nov. 1, 1943, page 20; “Veterans Begin Aid Fight,” The Age, May 25, 1977, page 20; “Veterans Bill Advances,” St. Petersburg Times, Nov. 4, 1977, page 3A; “Women in the military,” Sarasota Harold Tribune, May 26, 1995, 5B; “Sunday’s the Day for Washington Gals To Fly Somewhere for Breakfast,” The Evening Independent, Jul. 31, 1947, page 6; “War Prisoner’s Wife Enters Flying Group,” Prescott Evening Courier, Jun, 16, 1944, page 8; and “Early Decision Pilots Her Through Life,” Toledo Blade, Jan.10, 1975, page 10.
  2. ↑ Archived October 18, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
  3. 1 2 http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-111publ40/html/PLAW-111publ40.htm
  4. 1 2 Thune Recognizes Women Airforce Service Pilots from World War II - Press - United States Senator John Thune. Thune.senate.gov (2009-05-21). Retrieved on 2013-07-23.
  5. ↑ McLellan, Dennis (October 23, 2000). "Adding a Missing Piece to Mosaic of American History". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  6. ↑ DuBois, Ellen Carol; Dumenil, Lynn (2015-02-05). "9". Through Women’s Eyes: An American History with Documents (Third ed.). Boston, New York: Bedford/St. Martins. p. 549.
  7. ↑ "Women Ferrying Pilots – Requirements for Hiring – Pearl Harbor Filing Cabinet". Liberty Letters. September 15, 1942. Retrieved July 10, 2010.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 "Eisenhower Presidential Library".
  9. ↑ "Research - American Political History - Eagleton Institute of Politics".
  10. ↑ jaymie Offline. "In Pursuit of a Dream". Asiancemagazine.com. Retrieved January 15, 2012.
  11. 1 2 "Native American Indian Heritage Month". Defense.gov. October 14, 2003. Retrieved January 15, 2012.
  12. ↑ Rickman, Sarah Byrn (2001). The Originals – The Women's Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron of World War II. Sarasota, FL: Disc-Us Books. ISBN 1-58444-263-8.
  13. ↑ Granger, Byrd Howell (1991). On Final Approach. Scottsdale, AZ: Falconer Publishing. p. 90. ISBN 0-9626267-0-8.
  14. ↑ Granger, Byrd Howell (1991). On Final Approach. Scottsdale, AZ: Falconer Publishing. pp. 70–121. ISBN 0-9626267-0-8.
  15. ↑ Hope, Virginia M. Virginia Hope Papers: Folder 1. 1942–44. Raw data. Minnesota Historical Society Library, St. Paul.Many Helpful Primary Source Letters, Stats., Lists, etc.
  16. ↑ "WASP BASES". wingsacrossamerica.us. Retrieved 2016-10-25.
  17. ↑ Victoria Pope "Flight of the WASP," American Heritage, Spring 2009.
  18. ↑ Bohn, Kevin (May 22, 2009). "Unsung heroes of World War II finally get their due". CNN.
  19. ↑ Merryman, Molly (2001-02-01). Clipped Wings: The Rise and Fall of the Women Airforce Service Pilots (Wasps) of World War II. NYU Press. ISBN 9780814755686.
  20. ↑ Gomez, Mark (July 21, 2009). "S.J. woman was a trailblazing pilot during World War II". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved July 22, 2009.
  21. ↑ H.R. 8701, 95th Cong., introduced by Rep. Olin Teague, D-Texas, Aug. 2, 1977; signed Nov. 23, 1977
  22. ↑ "Establishing Eligibility". Arlington National Cemetery. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
  23. ↑ Jareen Imam; CNN (May 21, 2016). "WWII female pilots now can be buried at Arlington". CNN.
  24. ↑ "WASP awarded Congressional Gold Medal for service". Af.mil. Archived from the original on July 17, 2012. Retrieved January 15, 2012.
  25. ↑ Female WWII aviators honored with gold medal Archived March 12, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
  26. ↑ The Daily Nightly (April 13, 2015). "Cheers for WWII women pilots honored at Rose Parade". NBC News.
  27. ↑ "Flying for Freedom" (PDF). Nationalmuseum.af.mil. Retrieved July 10, 2010.
  28. ↑ "Betty C.G.T. Blake". Veteran Tributes. Veteran Tributes, Gulfport, MS. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
  29. ↑ "Jeanne Perot D'Ambley" (PDF). Texas Woman's University WASP.
  30. ↑ Across, Wings. (2012-02-17) WASP Final Flight: WASP MARY REINBERG BURCHARD, 44-W-6 Jan. 28, 2012. Waspfinalflight.blogspot.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-23.
  31. ↑ hilaryparkinson (2014-12-20). "A WASP's Story". Prologue: Pieces of History. Retrieved 2016-10-22.
  32. ↑ "Charlyne Creger, WASP". Wingsacrossamerica.us. Retrieved July 10, 2010.
  33. ↑ "Factsheets : Unknown Fact Sheet". Nationalmuseum.af.mil. Retrieved July 10, 2010.
  34. ↑ "Nancye Ruth Lowe Crout" (PDF). Texas Woman's University WASP.
  35. ↑ "Selma Cronan". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved March 13, 2012.
  36. ↑ "Lois E. Hailey – An Aviatrix from WWII". Wwii-women-pilots.org. Retrieved July 10, 2010.
  37. ↑ Briggs, John. A Singular Woman. Greenwich. July/August 1999.
  38. ↑ "Digital Collections : Item Viewer". Twudigital.cdmhost.com. February 7, 2005. Retrieved July 10, 2010.
  39. ↑ "Marge Hurlburt Is Killed While Stunting In Air Show". St. Petersburg Times. July 5, 1947. Retrieved July 12, 2009.
  40. ↑ Moore, Rose (16 March 2011). "'Medal for Marge' finds home at IWASM...". Gazette News Online. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
  41. ↑ "Famous pilot tells JU aviation students about her live in the clouds.". Retrieved May 2, 2012.
  42. ↑ "Factsheets : Unknown Fact Sheet". Nationalmuseum.af.mil. Retrieved July 10, 2010.
  43. ↑ Parrish, Nancy (23 January 2011). "WASP Marguerite Ty Hughes Killen, 44-W-8". Retrieved 11 August 2012.
  44. ↑ "Official Page of Janet Reno". Retrieved March 16, 2013.
  45. ↑ "Barbara Erickson London". Fact Sheets. National Museum of the Air Force. Retrieved July 15, 2009.
  46. ↑ Michael Riley (2010-03-11). "Colorado women honored with the Congressional Gold Medal". The Denver Post. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
  47. ↑ "Grand Junction honored for service as World War II pilot". WINGS AND WASP. 2010-04-18. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
  48. ↑ "Anne Noggle WASP 44-W-1". Wings Across America. August 23, 2005. Retrieved July 15, 2009.
  49. ↑ "WASP Deanie Bishop Parrish". Wingsacrossamerica.us. Retrieved July 10, 2010.
  50. ↑ "Sue Parish". Air Zoo of Kalamazoo, Michigan. Retrieved September 13, 2010.
  51. ↑ "Women Airforce Service Pilots" (PDF). Texas Woman's University.
  52. ↑ "Fallen Hero: Fly Girl from Kalamazoo". Everyday Citizen. May 28, 2007. Retrieved July 10, 2010.
  53. ↑ Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. (2002-11-11). http://old.post-gazette.com/localnews/20021111waspreg2p2.asp Fayette woman tells story of females flying on the WWII home front. Lash, Cindi. Retrieved, 2014-6-03.
  54. ↑ Archived January 15, 2004, at the Wayback Machine.
  55. ↑ "Evelyn Sharp". Nebraska Aviation Hall of Fame. Nebraska.gov. Retrieved July 15, 2009.
  56. ↑ Ongoing Search For Mrs. Gertrude Tompkins Silver. Aircraft Wrecks in the Mountains and Deserts of the American West.
  57. ↑ "Search Underway for Missing Heroine of World War II and her P-51 Mustang | Scuba Diving Magazine". Scubadiving.com. Retrieved July 10, 2010.
  58. ↑ Madeleine Baran (August 13, 2009). "65 years later, female WWII test pilots finally recognized". mprnews.org.
  59. ↑ "Minnesota WWII-era pilot Elizabeth Strohfus dies at 96". Star Tribune. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
  60. ↑ "Elizabeth Strohfus, World War II-era pilot, dies at 96". washingtonpost.com. March 8, 2016. Retrieved March 9, 2016.
  61. ↑ "Factsheets : Unknown Fact Sheet". Nationalmuseum.af.mil. Retrieved July 10, 2010.
  62. ↑ Finding aid for the Mary Ellen Williamson Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP) Collection, Archives and Special Collections, Dr. C.C. and Mabel L. Criss Library, University of Nebraska at Omaha. (online)
  63. ↑ ""Black Sheep Squadron" W*A*S*P*S (TV Episode 1977)". IMDb.
  64. ↑ Warbirds at the Internet Movie Database
  65. ↑ jotix100 (November 30, 2009). ""Cold Case" WASP (TV Episode 2009)". IMDb.
  66. ↑ Captain Marvel #4 Post-Game with Kelly Sue DeConnick - IGN. Uk.ign.com (2012-10-02). Retrieved on 2013-07-23.
  67. ↑ Flygirl: Sherri L. Smith: 9780142417256: Amazon.com: Books. Amazon.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-23.
  68. ↑ "The All-Girl Filling Station's Last Reunion: A Novel: Fannie Flagg: 9781400065943: Amazon.com: Books". amazon.com.
  69. ↑ "Silver Wings: H. P. Munro: 9781482023572: Amazon.com: Books". amazon.com.
  70. ↑ "Amazon.com: The Last Jump: A Novel of World War II (9781432756659): John E. Nevola: Books". amazon.com.

Bibliography

  • Clark, Marie Mountain. Dear Mother and Daddy: World War II Letters Home from a WASP. Livonia Michigan: First Page Publications, 2005. ISBN 1-928623-63-8.
  • Cole, Jean Hascall. Women Pilots of World War II. Salt Lake City, Utah: University of Utah Press, 1992. ISBN 978-0-87480-493-5.
  • Dubois, Ellen Carol, Lynn Dumenil. "Women in the Military". Through Women's Eyes. Boston, New York: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2012. ISBN 978-0-312-67607-0.
  • Granger, Byrd Howell. On Final Approach: The Women Airforce Service Pilots of W.W.II. New York: Falconer Publishing Co., 1991. ISBN 978-0-96262-670-8.
  • Haynsworth, Leslie and David Toomey. Amelia Earhart's Daughters. New York: William Morrow and Company, 1998. ISBN 978-0-68815-233-8.
  • Keil, Sally Van Wagenen, Those Wonderful Women in Their Flying Machines: The Unknown Heroines of World War II. New York: Four Directions Press, 1990. ISBN 0-962-7659-0-2.
  • LoPinto, Winnie, I was a Woman Pilot in 1945. Sheffield, UK: Green Leaf Publishing, 2001. ISBN 978-1-4912-8347-9
  • Merryman, Molly. Clipped Wings: The Rise and Fall of the Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASPs) of World War II. New York: New York University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-8147-5568-2.
  • Noggle, Anne. For God, Country and the Thrill of It: Women Airforce Service Pilots During WWII. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press. 1990. ISBN 978-0-89096-401-9.
  • Parrish, Nancy. WASP In Their Own Words—An Illustrated History of the Women Airforce Service Pilots. Waco, Texas: Wings Across America Publications, 2010. ISBN 978-0-9703450-0-4.
  • Rickman, Sarah Byrn. Nancy Batson Crews: Alabama's First Lady of Flight. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press, 2009. ISBN 0-81735-553-7.
  • Rickman, Sarah Byrn. Nancy Love and the WASP Ferry Pilots of World War II (North Texas Military Biography and Memoir Series). Denton, Texas:, 2008. ISBN 978-1-57441-241-3.
  • Schrader, Helena. Sisters in Arms: British and American Women Pilots During World War II. Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: Pen and Sword Books, 2006. ISBN 978-1-84415-388-6.
  • Simbeck, Rob. Daughter of the Air: The Brief Soaring Life of Cornelia Fort. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press. 1999. ISBN 978-1-56000-461-5.
  • Strebe, Amy Goodpaster. Flying for her Country: The American and Soviet Women Military Pilots of World War II. Dulles, Virginia: Potomac Books. 2009. ISBN 978-1-59797-266-6.
  • Williams, Vera S. WASPs: Women Airforce Service Pilots of World War II. St. Paul, Minnesota: Motorbooks International, 1994. ISBN 0-87938-856-0.

External links

National Museum of the USAF fact sheets

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