Zamość uprising

Zamość uprising
Part of World War II and Polish resistance

Kreis of General Government after Operation Barbarossa with the new Lublin Distrikt and Zamość (brown, upper centre)
Date1942 – 1944
LocationZamość Region (Kreis of General Government)
Result Expulsion of Poles stopped
Belligerents
Nazi Germany Nazi Germany

Polish resistance:

Supported by:

Commanders and leaders
  • Jerzy Mara-Meÿer
  • Konrad Bartoszewski
  • Franciszek Krakiewicz
  • Franciszek Bartłomowicz
  • Grzegorz Korczyński
  • Antoni Paleń
  • Umer Achmołła Atamanow
  • Wasyl Wołodin
Casualties and losses
Around 110,000 Poles and Jews from 297 villages expelled

The Zamość uprising refers to the partisan actions by Polish resistance (primarily Armia Krajowa and Bataliony Chłopskie) against the forced expulsion of Poles from the Zamość region (Zamojszczyzna, "Zamość Lands") conducted under the Nazi German colonization policy of Generalplan Ost during occupation of Poland. The uprising lasted from 1942 to 1944.[1]

The defense of the Zamość region is considered to be among the largest actions of the Polish resistance during World War II.[1][2]

German atrocities

Expulsion of Poles from villages in the Zamość Region (the new German Kreis) by the SS in December 1942

In 1942, the Zamość region, due to its fertile black soil, was chosen for further German colonisation in the General Government as part of Generalplan Ost.[3][4] In fact the Zamość region expulsions and colonization can be considered the beginning of the large-scale implementation of the Generalplan Ost.[5] The city itself was to be renamed "Himmlerstadt" (Himmler City), later changed to Pflugstadt (Plow City), which was to symbolise the German "plow" that was to "plow the East".[3] The German occupiers had planned the relocation of at least 60,000 ethnic Germans to the area before the end of 1943. An initial "test trial" expulsion was performed in November 1941, and the whole operation ended in anti-partisan pacification operations combined with expulsions in June–July 1943 which were codenamed Wehrwolf Action I and II.

Over 110,000 Polish people from approximately 300 villages were expelled to make room for German (and to a lesser extent, Ukrainian) settlers as part of Nazi plans for establishment of German colonies in the conquered territories (Generalplan Ost).[3][5][6][7] In the Warsaw or Lublin area some villagers were resettled, but about 50,000 of those expelled were sent as forced labour to Germany while others were sent to the Nazi concentration camps never to return.[3] Some villages were simply razed and the inhabitants murdered.[3][4]

Almost 5,000 Polish children were kidnapped by German authorities from their parents for potential Germanisation.[1][3][7][8][9] Only 800 of them were found and sent back to Poland after World War II.

Polish resistance

For more details on this topic, see Polish resistance in World War II.
Monument to Polish Armia Krajowa insurgents in Biłgoraj

Local people resisted the action with great determination;[3] they escaped into forests, organised self-defence, helped people who were expelled, and bribed kidnapped children out of German hands.[1] Units of Polish resistance (primarily of Armia Krajowa and Bataliony Chłopskie) as well as elements of Soviet partisans and the pro-Soviet Gwardia Ludowa helped to evacuate Polish civilians and assaulted German colonists and forces in the region.[10] In December 1942 one of the first large partisan battles of World War II occurred in the region. The resistance forces numbered several thousand forest fighters. The first phase of the resistance took place from December 1942 to February 1943; the Germans then lessened their activities for a few months but counter-attacked in June, with major anti-partisan actions and terror directed against the civilian population (Aktion Wehrwolf).[11]

After several battles between the partisans and the German units (the most notable being the battles of Wojda, Róża, Zaboreczno, Długi Kąt, Lasowce and Hrubieszów as well as the Battle of Osuchy),[11] the Germans had to halt the action and in the end very few German settlers were brought to the area.[12] Until the middle of 1943, the Germans managed to settle 9,000 colonists, and an additional 4,000 until the end of 1943. The increasing harassment from the partisans meant that the Germans began to lose the control of the region in the spring of 1943.[11]

In the first half of 1944, Polish civilians and the Polish resistance were also attacked by Ukrainian units of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (see massacres of Poles in Volhynia). Nonetheless, by the summer of 1944 the Polish partisans, based in the large forests of the region, had taken control of most of the countryside, limiting German control to the major towns.[11] In the summer of 1944 Germans again initiated major anti-partisan operations (Sturmwind I and Sturmwind II) which resulted in the battle of Osuchy (one of the largest battles between the Polish resistance and Nazi Germany), with the insurgents sustaining heavy casualties.[13] However soon afterwards, in July, the remaining Polish units took part in the nationwide Operation Tempest and managed to liberate several towns and villages in the Zamość region. The Germans, pressured by the advancing Red Army, were forced to abandon the region.

Remembrance

Home Army monument in Zamość

Several monuments, museums and cemeteries have been raised in the area over time. In the People's Republic of Poland the actions of the communist Armia Ludowa were emphasized at the expense of those of the non-communist resistance.

A recent Polish documentary dedicated to the uprising has been recognized in the New York Festivals of 2008 with a bronze medal.[14][15][16]

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 Poprzeczny 2004, p. 182.
  2. ↑ Armia Krajowa at Encyklopedia PWN. Last accessed on 14 March 2008. (Polish)
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Zamosc Ghetto" at DeathCamps.org. Last retrieved on March 16, 2008
  4. 1 2 Joseph Poprzeczny, Odilo Globocnik, Hitler's Man in the East, McFarland, 2004, ISBN 0-7864-1625-4, pp. 110–111.
  5. 1 2 Poprzeczny 2004, p. 181.
  6. ↑ Norman Davies, God's Playground: A History of Poland, Columbia University Press, 2005, Google Print, p.338
  7. 1 2 Tadeusz Piotrowski, Poland's Holocaust, McFarland & Company, 1997, ISBN 0-7864-0371-3. Google Print, p.22
  8. ↑ Zygmunt Mańkowski; Tadeusz Pieronek; Andrzej Friszke; Thomas Urban (panel discussion), "Polacy wypędzeni", Biuletyn IPN, nr5 (40) May 2004 / Bulletin of the Institute of National Remembrance (Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej), issue: 05 / 2004, pages: 628
  9. ↑ Lukas, Richard C. Did the Children Cry? Hitler's War against Jewish and Polish Children, 1939–1945. Hippocrene Books, New York, 2001
  10. ↑ Poprzeczny 2004, p. 142.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Poprzeczny 2004, p. 190.
  12. ↑ Włodzimierz Borodziej, The Warsaw Uprising of 1944, University of Wisconsin Press, 2005, ISBN 0-299-20730-7, Google Print, p. 41
  13. ↑ Martin Gilbert, Second World War A Complete History, Holt Paperbacks, 2004, ISBN 0-8050-7623-9, Google Print, p. 542
  14. ↑ "Internetowy Serwis Filmowy - Film Kino DVD Wideo Program tv Repertuar kin Konkursy - Dobra Strona Filmu". Stopklatka.pl. Retrieved 2013-02-08.
  15. ↑ "Brązowe "Powstanie" - Roztocze - od Kraśnika po Lwów". Roztocze. 2007-10-15. Retrieved 2013-02-08.
  16. ↑ "TVP na medal - film.gildia.pl - film, newsy, recenzje". film.gildia.pl. Retrieved 2013-02-08.

References

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