Emperor Yingzong of Ming

Emperor Yingzong of Ming
6th Emperor of the Ming dynasty
Reign	7 February 1435 – 1 September 1449[1]
Predecessor	Xuande Emperor
Successor	Jingtai Emperor
Retired Emperor of the Ming dynasty
Reign	1 September 1449 – 11 February 1457
8th Emperor of the Ming dynasty
Reign	11 February 1457 – 23 February 1464
Predecessor	Jingtai Emperor
Successor	Chenghua Emperor
Born	29 November 1427
Died	23 February 1464 (aged 36)
Burial	Yuling, Ming tombs, Beijing
Spouse	Empress Xiaozhuangrui Empress Xiaosu
Issue	Princess Chongqing Zhu Jianshen, Chenghua Emperor Zhu Jianlin, Prince Zhuang of De Zhu Jianshi Zhu Jianchun, Prince Dao of Xu Zhu Jianshu, Prince Huai of Xiu Zhu Jianze, Prince Jian of Chong Zhu Jianjun, Prince Jian of Ji Zhu Jianzhi, Prince Mu of Xin Zhu Jianpei, Prince Zhuang of Hui Princess Jiashan Princess Chun'an Princess Chongde Princess Guangde Princess Yixing Princess Longqing Princess Jiaxiang two unnamed daughters
Full name Surname: Zhu (朱) Given name: Qizhen (祁鎮) Era dates Zhengtong (正統): 18 January 1436 – 13 January 1450 Tianshun[2] (天順): 15 February 1457 – 26 January 1465 Posthumous name Emperor Fatian Lidao Renming Chengjing Zhaowen Xianwu Zhide Guangxiao Rui 法天立道仁明誠敬昭文憲武至德廣孝睿皇帝 Temple name Ming Yingzong 明英宗
House	House of Zhu
Father	Xuande Emperor
Mother	Empress Xiaogongzhang

Stele commemorating rebuilding of the Temple of Yan Hui in Qufu in 1441 (6th year of the Zhengtong era)

Zhu Qizhen (Chinese: 朱祁鎮; 29 November 1427 – 23 February 1464) was the sixth and eighth emperor of the Ming dynasty. He ruled as the Zhengtong Emperor (Chinese: 正統; pinyin: Zhèngtǒng) from 1435 to 1449, and as the Tianshun Emperor (Chinese: 天順; pinyin: Tiānshùn) from 1457 to 1464.^[3] His first era name means "right governance" and the second one means "obedience to Heaven". His temple name is Yingzong (英宗).

First reign

Zhu Qizhen was the son of the Xuande Emperor and his second wife, Empress Sun. At the beginning of the Zhengtong reign, the Ming dynasty was prosperous and at the height of its power as a result of the Xuande Emperor's able administration. The Zhengtong Emperor's accession at the age of eight made him the first child emperor of the dynasty – hence the Zhengtong Emperor was easily influenced by others, especially the eunuch Wang Zhen. At first, Wang Chen was kept under control by Grand Mother Empress Zhang, Zhengtong's grandmother and the unofficial regent, who collaborated closely with three ministers, all with the surname Yang (hence the common name "Three Yangs"), thus the good administration continued. In 1442 though, Empress Zhang died, and the three Yangs also died or retired around that time.^[4]

Empress Chengxiao

The emperor began to completely rely on Wang Zhen for advice and guidance.

Imprisonment by the Mongols

At the age of 21, in 1449, the Zhengtong Emperor, advised by Wang Zhen, personally directed and lost the Battle of Tumu Fortress against the Mongols under Esen Taishi (d.1455). In one of the most humiliating battles in Chinese history, the Ming army, half million strong, led by Zhengtong, was crushed by Esen's forces, estimated to be 20,000 cavalry.^[5][6] His capture by the enemy force shook the empire to its core, and the ensuing crisis almost caused the dynasty to collapse had it not been for the capable governing of a prominent minister named Yu Qian.

Although the Zhengtong Emperor was a prisoner of the Mongols, he became a good friend to both Tayisung Khan Toghtoa Bukha (1416–1453) and his grand preceptor (taishi) Esen. Meanwhile, to calm the crisis at home, his younger brother Zhu Qiyu was installed as the Jingtai Emperor. This reduced the Zhengtong Emperor's imperial status and he was granted the title of Tàishàng Huángdi (emperor emeritus).

House arrest and second reign

The Zhengtong Emperor was released one year later in 1450, but when he returned to China, he was immediately put under house arrest by his brother for almost seven years. He resided in the southern palace of the Forbidden City, and all outside contacts were severely curtailed by the Jingtai Emperor. His son, who later became the Chenghua Emperor, was stripped of the title of crown prince and replaced by the Jingtai Emperor's own son. This act greatly upset and devastated the former Zhengtong Emperor, but the heir apparent died shortly thereafter. Overcome with grief, the Jingtai Emperor fell ill, and the former Zhengtong Emperor decided to depose his brother by a palace coup. The emperor emeritus was successful in seizing the throne from the Jingtai Emperor, after which he changed his regnal name to "Tianshun" (lit. "obedience to Heaven") and went on to rule for another seven years.

On 6 August 1461, the Tianshun Emperor issued an edict warning his subjects to be loyal to the throne and not to violate the laws.^[7] This was a veiled threat aimed at the general Cao Qin (d. 1461), who had become embroiled in a controversy when he had one of his retainers kill a man whom Ming authorities were attempting to interrogate (to find out about Cao's illegal foreign business transactions).^[7] On 7 August 1461, Cao Qin and his cohorts of Mongol descent attempted a coup against the Tianshun Emperor.^[8] However, during the first hours of the morning of 7 August, prominent Ming generals Wu Jin and Wu Cong, who were alerted of the coup, immediately relayed a warning to the emperor.^[9] Although alarmed, the Tianshun Emperor and his court made preparations for a conflict and barred the gates of the palace.^[10] During the ensuing onslaught in the capital later that morning, the Minister of Works and the Commander of the Imperial Guard were killed, while the rebels set the gates of the Forbidden City on fire.^[8] The eastern and western gates of the imperial city were only saved when pouring rains came and extinguished the fires.^[11] The fight lasted for nearly the entire day within the city; during which three of Cao Qin's brothers were killed, and Cao himself received wounds to both arms. With the failure of the coup, in order to escape being executed, Cao fled to his residence and committed suicide by jumping down a well within the walled compound of his home.^[12]

The Tianshun Emperor died at the age of 37 in 1464 and was buried in the Yuling (裕陵) mausoleum of the Ming Dynasty Tombs. Before he died, he had given an order, which was rated highly as an act of imperial magnanimity, that ended the practice of burying alive concubines and palace maids (so that they could follow emperors to the next world).^[13]

Personal information

• Father
  • Xuande Emperor
• Mother
  • Empress Xiaogongzhang

Consorts

• Empress Xiaozhuangrui (孝莊睿皇后), family name Qian (錢) (died 1468), married the Zhengtong Emperor in 1442, lost her position as empress when her husband was stripped of the position of emperor in 1449, reinstated as empress in 1457, created Empress Dowager Ciyi (慈懿皇太后) during the reign of her stepson
• Empress Xiaosu (孝肅皇后), family name Zhou (周) (died 1504), daughter of Zhou Neng (周能), held the rank of Noble Consort (貴妃), created Empress Dowager Sheng Ci Ren Shou (聖慈仁壽皇太后) in 1487, created Grand Empress Dowager (太皇太后) during the reign of her grandson, never held the title of empress in life but was posthumously honored as an empress, mother of Princess Chongqing and the Chenghua Emperor
• Consort Jingzhuang'anmuchen (靖莊安穆宸妃), family name Wan (萬)
• Consort Duanjing'anhehui (端靖安和惠妃), family name Wang (王)
• Consort Zhuangjing'anrongshu (莊靜安榮淑妃), family name Gao (高)
• Consort Gongduanzhuanghuide (恭端莊惠德妃), family name Wei (韋)
• Consort Gonghe'anjingshun (恭和安靜順妃), family name Fan (樊) (1414–1470), entered the imperial court in 1427, created a concubine of the Zhengtong Emperor in 1457
• Consort Zhuangxiduansu'an (莊僖端肅安妃), family name Yang (楊)
• Consort Zhaosujingduanxian (昭肅靖端賢妃), family name Wang (王)
• Consort Zhenshunyigongjing (貞順懿恭敬妃), family name Liu (劉)
• Consort Anherongjingli (安和榮靖麗妃), family name Liu (劉)
• Consort Duanzhuangzhao (端莊昭妃), family name Wu (武)
• Consort Gong'anhe (恭安和妃), family name Gong (宮)
• Consort Zhaojinggong (昭靜恭妃), family name Liu (劉)
• Consort Zhaoshunli (昭順麗妃), family name Zhang (張)
• Consort Zhaoyixian (昭懿賢妃), family name Li (李)
• Consort Gongjingzhuang (恭靖莊妃), family name Zhao (趙)
• Consort Gongxicheng (恭僖成妃), family name Zhang (張)
• Consort Gonghuihe (恭惠和妃), family name Liang (梁)
• Consort Xikechong (僖恪充妃), family name Yu (余)
• Consort Huiheli (惠和麗妃), family name Chen (陳)
• Consort Rongjingzhen (榮靖貞妃), family name Wang (王)

Sons

Number	Name	Formal Title	Born	Died	Mother	Spouse	Issue	Notes
1	Zhu Jianshen 朱見深	The Chenghua Emperor	9 December 1447	9 September 1487	Empress Xiaosu	Empress Wu Empress Xiaozhenchun Empress Xiaomu Empress Xiaohui 14 concubines	unnamed son Zhu Youji, Crown Prince Daogong Zhu Youcheng, Hongzhi Emperor Zhu Youyuan, Prince Xian of Xing Zhu Youlun, Prince Hui of Qi Zhu Youbin, Prince Duan of Yi Zhu Youhui, Prince Gong of Heng Zhu Youyun, Prince Jing of Yong Zhu Youqi, Prince Ding of Shou unnamed son Zhu Youheng, Prince An of Ru Zhu Youshun, Prince Jian of Jing Zhu Youshu, Prince Zhuang of Rong Zhu Youkai, Prince Yi of Shen Princess Renhe Princess Yongkang Princess Deqing unnamed daughter Princess Changtai Princess Xianyou
2	Zhu Jianlin 朱見潾	Prince Zhuang of De 德莊王	7 May 1448	7 September 1517	Consort Jingzhuang'anmuchen		Zhu Yourong, Prince Yi of De	Initially created Prince of Rong (榮王) on 21 May 1452; Title changed to Prince of De (德王) on 30 March 1457
3	Zhu Jianshi 朱見湜		2 August 1449	30 August 1451	Consort Jingzhuang'anmuchen	none	none
4	Zhu Jianchun 朱見淳	Prince Dao of Xu 許悼王	3 April 1450	3 January 1453	Consort Duanjing'anhehui	none	none	Created Prince of Xu on 20 May 1452
5	Zhu Jianshu 朱見澍	Prince Huai of Xiu 秀懷王	12 March 1452	13 October 1472	Consort Zhuangjing'anrongshu	Lady Wang (王氏) (daughter of Wang Yu (王昱))	none	Created Prince of Xiu (秀王) on 30 March 1457
6	Zhu Jianze 朱見澤	Prince Jian of Chong 崇簡王	2 May 1455	27 August 1505	Empress Xiaosu		Zhu Youmi, Prince Jing of Chong	Created Prince of Chong (崇王) in 1457
7	Zhu Jianjun 朱見浚	Prince Jian of Ji 吉簡王	11 July 1456	16 August 1527	Consort Jingzhuang'anmuchen		Zhu Youfu, Prince Dao of Ji	Created Prince of Ji (吉王) on 30 March 1466
8	Zhu Jianzhi 朱見治	Prince Mu of Xin 忻穆王	18 March 1458	2 April 1472	Consort Jingzhuang'anmuchen	none	none	Created Prince of Xin (忻王) on 21 September 1466
9	Zhu Jianpei 朱見沛	Prince Zhuang of Hui 徽莊王	2 March 1462	13 June 1505	Consort Gongduanzhuanghuide	none	Zhu Youtai, Prince Jian of Hui	Created Prince of Hui (徽王) in 1466

Daughters

Number	Title	Born	Died	Date Married	Spouse	Issue	Mother	Notes
1	Princess Chongqing 重慶公主	1446	1499	1461	Zhou Jing 周景	Zhou Xian 周賢	Empress Xiaosu
2	Princess Jiashan 嘉善公主		1499	1466	Wang Zeng 王增		Consort Duanjing'anhehui
3	Princess Chun'an 淳安公主			1466	Cai Zhen 蔡震		Consort Jingzhuang'anmuchen
4	Princess Chongde 崇德公主			1489	Yang Wei 楊偉		Consort Zhuangxiduansu'an
5	Princess Guangde 廣德公主		1484	1472	Fan Kai 樊凱		Consort Jingzhuang'anmuchen	Personal name Zhu Yanxiang (朱延祥)
6	Princess Yixing 宜興公主		1514	1473	Ma Cheng 馬誠		Consort Gongduanzhuanghuide
7	Princess Longqing 隆慶公主	1455	1479	1473	You Tai 遊泰		Consort Zhuangjing'anrongshu
8	Princess Jiaxiang 嘉祥公主		1483	1477	Huang Yong 黃鏞
9	unnamed			none	none	none	Consort Gongduanzhuanghuide	Died young
10	unnamed			none	none	none	Consort Gonghe'anjingshun	Died young

See also

• Tumu Crisis
• Rebellion of Cao Qin

Notes

1. Captured by the Mongols, he was succeeded by his brother, the Jingtai Emperor, who conferred on him the title Taishang Huang, a title reserved for the retired emperors and which he held until 1457.
2. Tianshun (天順) was also the name of a reign era in the Yuan dynasty.
3. Leo K. Shin (2006), The Making of the Chinese State: Ethnicity and Expansion on the Ming Borderlands, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-85354-5
4. 刘, 金泽 (1998). 政鉴. 经济日报出版社. p. 828. ISBN 9787801275103.
5. Haskew, Michael E. (2008). Fighting Techniques of the Oriental World AD 1200-1860: Equipment, Combat Skills And Tactics, Christer Jørgensen. Amber Books. p. 12. ISBN 9781905704965.
6. Wen chao yue kan, Volume 5. 北京 :: 全国图书馆文献缩微复制中心. 2005. p. 128.
7. Robinson, 97.
8. Robinson, 79.
9. Robinson, 101–102.
10. Robinson, 102.
11. Robinson, 105.
12. Robinson, 107–108.
13. Zhonghua quan guo fu nü lian he hui (1984). Women of China. Foreign Language Press.

References

• Robinson, David M. "Politics, Force and Ethnicity in Ming China: Mongols and the Abortive Coup of 1461," Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies (Volume 59: Number 1, June 1999): 79–123.