Öküz Mehmed Pasha

Öküz · Kara · Kul Kıran · Damat Mehmed Pasha
Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire
In office 18 January 1619 – 23 December 1619
Monarch	Osman II
Preceded by	Damat Halil Pasha
Succeeded by	Güzelce Ali Pasha
In office 17 October 1614 – 17 November 1616
Monarch	Ahmed I
Preceded by	Nasuh Pasha
Succeeded by	Damat Halil Pasha
Ottoman Governor of Egypt
In office 1607–1611
Preceded by	Yemenli Hasan Pasha
Succeeded by	Sofu Mehmed Pasha
Personal details
Died	23 December 1619 Constantinople
Nationality	Ottoman
Spouse(s)	Gevherhan Sultan, daughter of sultan Ahmed I
Military service
Rank	Silahdar

Statue of Öküz Mehmed Pasha in Kuşadası next to the caravanserai named after him.

"Öküz" Mehmed Pasha ("Mehmed Pasha the Ox"; died 23 December 1619), also known as Kara Mehmed Pasha ("the Black") or "Kul Kıran" Mehmed Pasha ("the Slavebreaker"),^[1] was an Ottoman statesman and military commander of the early 17th century who held the office of Grand Vizier twice, the first time from 17 October 1614 to 17 November 1616 (during the reign of Ahmed I) and the second time from 18 January 1619 to 23 December 1619 (during the reign of Osman II the Young).^[2] He also held the office of the governor of Egypt from 1607 to 1611.^{[1][3][4][5][6]}

Background

Before holding governmental positions, Mehmed Pasha had been a silahdar, a high-ranking position in the sultan's guard.^[3]

He married princess Gevherhan Sultan, the daughter of sultan Ahmed I and Kösem Sultan.^[4]

Governor of Egypt

Before his first term as grand vizier, Mehmed Pasha was appointed the governor of Egypt in 1607, a post he held until 1611.^{[1][3][4][5][6]} In 1604, three years before he assumed the office, the Governor of Ottoman Egypt Maktul Hacı Ibrahim Pasha was murdered by mutinying sipahi soldiers of his own troops.^[7][8][9] This event caused three years of instability in Egypt, with the subsequent two governors, Hadım Mehmed Pasha and Yemenli Hasan Pasha unable to completely quell the rebellion.

When Mehmed Pasha came into office, his strong-handed methods and personality allowed him to suppress the sipahis and abolish the illegal tulba protection tax they had been imposing on the Egyptian countryside.^[3] After first landing at Alexandria, he gathered public support by visiting the tombs of local saints and treating the Mamluks well, ordering repairs on Mamluk-built buildings and structures.^[3] He then proceeded to execute district governors who had allowed the sipahis to impose the tulba and warned others of the same fate.^[3]

Tensions came to a head in February 1609, when the rebels gathered in the city of Tanta and met at the tomb of Ahmad al-Badawi, Egypt's most popular saint, to swear that they would resist Mehmed Pasha's efforts; they then began to gather troops and pillage villages for supplies.^[3] Mehmed Pasha also gathered troops, although some of his officers suggested diplomacy, which Mehmed agreed to, sending a mufti named Altıparmak Mehmed Efendi and an officer to negotiate with the rebels.^[10] The mufti advised the rebels to give into "those in authority," and upon refusal, Mehmed Pasha's forces began to mobilize.^[10]

Mehmed Pasha's forces met the rebels just north of Cairo. The rebels, discouraged, lost the battle, and the pasha's forces summarily executed over 250 of them, while others were later exiled to Yemen.^[10]

In the aftermath of this event, Mehmed Pasha became known as "Kul Kıran" (slavebreaker in Turkish) for subjugating the Mamluks and the soldiers to Ottoman rule. He went on to promote public works and attempted to reform the fiscal and military organization of the Egypt eyalet, reducing the number of local beys to 12,^[10] although this measure was later abandoned.^[5] In 1611, he was recalled to the capital Constantinople by the sultan.^[10]

Grand Vizierates

Mehmed Pasha was appointed grand vizier from 17 October 1614 to 17 November 1616, and from 18 January 1619 to 23 December 1619. During his offices, he was usually called Kara Mehmed Pasha, the nickname ox having been invented behind his back (although he almost certainly must have overheard it) by virtue of his heavy build and his father having been a blacksmith for cattle in the Karagümrük quarter of Constantinople. History retained this nickname rather than Kara, which means black in Turkish and which may refer to one's complexion or hair or, in the figurative, to courage and daring.

One episode of his holding the post of grand vizier involved an attack on Vienna accompanied with only 47 raiders, and without having informed the sultan or any other authority in the Ottoman capital; it ended in complete failure and nearly cost him his head. Some historians consider his foray as a third siege of Vienna by the Ottoman Turks, alongside the better known incidences, undertaken first by sultan Süleyman the Magnificent in 1529 and later by grand vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha in 1683.

Governor of Aidin

Öküz Mehmed Pasha Caravanserai in Kuşadası.

In between his two terms as grand vizier, he held the office of governor of the Ottoman Aidin Vilayet (then a province covering a large part of western Anatolia), and his governorship is marked by the construction of a caravanserai in Kuşadası, named the Öküz Mehmed Pasha Caravanserai after him, aimed at attracting international trade through the port there (which shifted, in time, much more towards the port of İzmir upon the preference displayed by European merchants). The caravanserai in Kuşadası is used as luxury hotel and shopping center today. He has had another solid caravanserai built in Ulukışla on the way to a campaign against the Safavids during the Ottoman–Safavid War (1603–18), that eventually ended with a decisive Ottoman defeat.^[11]

Death

He was strangled to death in office in 1619 by a young Janissary whose favors he had sought.

See also

• List of Ottoman Grand Viziers
• List of Ottoman governors of Egypt
• Öküz Mehmed Pasha Caravanserai

References

1. Jane Hathaway; Karl K. Barbir (2008). The Arab lands under Ottoman rule, 1516-1800. Pearson Longman. pp. 63, 255. ISBN 978-0-582-41899-8.
2. İsmail Hâmi Danişmend, Osmanlı Devlet Erkânı, Türkiye Yayınevi, İstanbul, 1971 (Turkish)
3. M. W. Daly; Carl F. Petry (10 December 1998). The Cambridge History of Egypt. Cambridge University Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-521-47211-1.
4. A. Zuhuri Danışman (1965). Osmanlı İmparatorluğu tarihi. Z. Danışman Yayınevi. p. 243.
5. Michael Winter (14 January 2004). Egyptian Society Under Ottoman Rule, 1517-1798. Taylor & Francis. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-203-16923-0.
6. Turkish Studies Association (2000). Turkish Studies Association Bulletin. Turkish Studies Association. pp. 93, 95.
7. Michael Winter (14 January 2004). Egyptian Society Under Ottoman Rule, 1517-1798. Taylor & Francis. pp. 45, 96. ISBN 978-0-203-16923-0.
8. M. W. Daly; Carl F. Petry (10 December 1998). The Cambridge History of Egypt. Cambridge University Press. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-521-47211-1.
9. Michael A. Cook; Asad Ahmed; Behnam Sadeghi; Michael Bonner (21 March 2011). The Islamic Scholarly Tradition: Studies in History, Law, and Thought in Honor of Professor Michael Allan Cook. BRILL. p. 154. ISBN 978-90-04-19435-9.
10. M. W. Daly; Carl F. Petry (10 December 1998). The Cambridge History of Egypt. Cambridge University Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-521-47211-1.
11. Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:Türkiye tarihi vol.III, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, 43-44