1939–1945 Star

The 1939–1945 Star

Awarded to a South African, C276539 J.P. Lemmetjies
Awarded by the Monarch of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth, and Emperor of India
Country United Kingdom
Type Military campaign medal
Eligibility All Ranks
Awarded for 180 days of operational service or 60 days of operational flying
Campaign Second World War
Clasps BATTLE OF BRITAIN
BOMBER COMMAND
Statistics
Established 8 July 1943
First awarded 1943
Last awarded 22 December 2013
Order of wear
Next (higher) India General Service Medal (1936)
Next (lower) Atlantic Star

Ribbon bar (left) and rosettes for the Battle of Britain (centre) and Bomber Command (right) clasps

The 1939–1945 Star is a military campaign medal, instituted by the United Kingdom on 8 July 1943 for award to subjects of the British Commonwealth for service in the Second World War. Two clasps were instituted to be worn on the medal ribbon, the Battle of Britain Clasp and the Bomber Command Clasp.[1][2]

The Second World War Stars

Altogether eight campaign stars and nine clasps were initially instituted for campaign service during the Second World War. On 8 July 1943, the 1939–43 Star (later named the 1939–1945 Star) and the Africa Star were the first two of these Stars to be instituted. One more campaign star, the Arctic Star, and one more clasp, the Bomber Command Clasp, were belatedly added on 26 February 2013, more than sixty-seven years after the end of the war.[1][3][4]

In March 1944, British prime minister Winston Churchill referenced both the 1939–43 Star and Africa Star in a speech to the Commons. The number awarded by this date was:

Of all these campaign stars, only the 1939–1945 Star covered the full duration of the Second World War from its outbreak on 3 September 1939 to the victory over Japan on 2 September 1945.[6]

No-one could be awarded more than five (now six) campaign stars and no-one could be awarded more than one clasp to any one campaign star. Five of the nine (now ten) clasps were the equivalents of their namesake campaign stars and were awarded for the same respective campaigns as those stars, to be worn on the ribbon of that campaign star of the applicable group which had been earned first. The maximum of six possible campaign stars are the following:[1][4][7]

Institution

The institution of the 1939–43 Star (later named the 1939–1945 Star) was announced on 8 July 1943 and, in August, it was announced that the first uniform ribbons would be issued to qualifying personnel later in that year. The medals themselves were not intended to be available until after the cessation of hostilities. Some ribbon issues to overseas troops were delayed, but many had been received by the end of 1943 and were worn by recipients throughout the remainder of the war.[3][16]

The 1939–1945 Star was awarded for operational service between 3 September 1939 and 2 September 1945, the duration of the Second World War. Two clasps were instituted to be worn on the medal ribbon, along with rosettes to be worn on the ribbon bar of the medal to denote the award of a clasp.[1][2][17]

Award criteria

Broad criteria

The 1939–1945 Star was awarded for any period of operational service overseas between 3 September 1939 and either 8 May 1945 in Europe or 2 September 1945 in the Far East theatre. The broad criteria were 180 days of service between these dates, with more specific criteria depending on service arm.[1][2][17][18][19]

Special criteria

The award of a gallantry medal or Mention in Dispatches qualified the recipient for the award of the 1939–1945 Star, regardless of service duration. Personnel whose qualifying service period was terminated prematurely by their death or disability due to service were awarded this Star.[1][2][17]

In addition, some special criteria applied when, at certain specified times, just one day's service was required. These latter instances were actions for which a more specific campaign medal was not awarded and the regulations for award made provision for a number of operations in Europe, the Middle East, the Pacific Theatre and India and Burma, in which entry into operational service for one day or part thereof qualified personnel for the award of the 1939–1945 Star. Some notable examples are:[6][17][18][21]

In the case of personnel in operational service at the end of active hostilities in Europe on 8 May 1945, the actual operational service requirement period for the award of the Atlantic Star, Air Crew Europe Star, Italy Star and France and Germany Star was reduced to entry into a theatre of operations and the prior six or two months service requirements did not apply. The 1939–1945 Star, however, was not awarded in any of these cases in which actual operational service amounted to less than six or two months respectively.[7]

Order of wear

Campaign medals and stars are not listed by name in the order of wear prescribed by the British Central Chancery of the Orders of Knighthood, but are all grouped together as taking precedence after the Queen's Medal for Chiefs and before the Polar Medals, in order of the date of the campaign for which awarded.[22]

In the British order of wear, the 1939–1945 Star takes precedence after the India General Service Medal (1936).[22]

The order of wear of the nine campaign stars was determined firstly by their respective campaign start dates, secondly by the campaign's duration and thirdly by their dates of institution.[22]

South Africa

Example of post-1952 South African order of wear. The medals depicted are:

With effect from 6 April 1952, when a new South African set of decorations and medals was instituted to replace the British awards used to date, the older British decorations and medals applicable to South Africa continued to be worn in the same order of precedence but, with the exception of the Victoria Cross, took precedence after all South African orders, decorations and medals awarded to South Africans on or after that date. Of the official British campaign medals which were applicable to South Africans, the 1939–1945 Star takes precedence as shown.[22][23][24]

Description

The set of nine campaign stars was designed by the Royal Mint engravers. The stars all have a ring suspender which passes through an eyelet formed above the uppermost point of the star. They are six–pointed stars, struck in yellow copper zinc alloy to fit into a 44 millimetres diameter circle, with a maximum width of 38 millimetres and 50 millimetres high from the bottom point of the star to the top of the eyelet.[2][17][19][25]

Obverse

The obverse has a central design of the Royal Cypher "GRI VI", surmounted by a crown. A circlet, the top of which is covered by the crown, surrounds the cypher and is inscribed "THE 1939–1945 STAR".[2][17]

Reverse

The reverse is plain and, as with the other Second World War campaign medals, a no-engraving policy was applied by all but three British Commonwealth countries. The recipient's name was impressed on the reverse for Australians, Indians and South Africans, in the case of South Africans the recipient's force number, initials and surname in block capitals, as illustrated by the main picture.[2][17][19][26][27]

Clasps

Both clasps were struck in bronze and have a frame with an inside edge which resembles the perforated edge of a postage stamp. They are inscribed "BATTLE OF BRITAIN" and "BOMBER COMMAND" respectively and were designed to be sewn onto the medal's ribbon. The rosettes, to be worn on the ribbon bar when medals are not worn, are silver-gilt for the Battle of Britain Clasp and silver for the Bomber Command Clasp.[4][17]

Ribbon

The ribbon is 32 millimetres wide, with equal width bands of Navy blue, Army red and Air Force blue, with the dark blue band representing the Naval Forces and the Merchant Navy, the red band the Armies and the light blue band the Air Forces. The equal width bands represent the equal contributions of the three service arms towards victory.[2][17][18][25]

The ribbons for this medal and the Defence Medal as well as those of the other Second World War campaign stars, with the exception of the Arctic Star, were devised by King George VI.[2][7]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Stephen Stratford Medals site – British Military & Criminal History – 1900 to 1999 – 1939–45 Star (Access date 1 April 2015)
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Forces War Records – Medals – 1939–1945 Star (Access date 2 April 2015)
  3. 1 2 War Service (Decorations) – Statement in the House of Commons by Winston Churchill on 3 August 1943 (HC Deb 03 August 1943 vol 391 cc2091-3) (Access date 9 April 2015)
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 The National Archives – Ministry of Defence – Arctic Star and Bomber Command Clasp (Access date 1 April 2015)
  5. ↑ "WAR DECORATIONS AND MEDALS". London: Hansard. 22 March 1944. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 New Zealand Defence Force – The 1939–45 Star Eligibility Rules (Access date 12 April 2015)
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Committee on the Grant of Honours, Decorations and Medals in Time of War (May 1945). "Campaign Stars and the Defence Medal (Regulations)". London: HM Stationery Office. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
  8. 1 2 New Zealand Defence Force – The Atlantic Star Eligibility Rules (Access date 4 April 2015)
  9. 1 2 New Zealand Defence Force – The Air Crew Europe Star Eligibility Rules (Access date 12 April 2015)
  10. 1 2 New Zealand Defence Force – The France and Germany Star Eligibility Rules (Access date 12 April 2015)
  11. 1 2 New Zealand Defence Force – The Arctic Star (Access date 12 April 2015)
  12. 1 2 New Zealand Defence Force – The Africa Star Eligibility Rules (Access date 12 April 2015)
  13. 1 2 New Zealand Defence Force – The Pacific Star Eligibility Rules (Access date 9 April 2015)
  14. 1 2 New Zealand Defence Force – The Burma Star Eligibility Rules (Access date 12 April 2015)
  15. 1 2 New Zealand Defence Force – The Italy Star Eligibility Rules (Access date 12 April 2015)
  16. ↑ Overseas Service (Recognition) – Statement in the House of Commons by Clement Attlee on 8 July 1943 (HC Deb 08 July 1943 vol 390 c2250)
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 New Zealand Defence Force – British Commonwealth War And Campaign Medals Awarded To New Zealanders – The 1939 – 1945 Star (Access date 2 April 2015)
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 GOV.UK – Defence and armed forces – guidance – Medals: campaigns, descriptions and eligibility – 1939 to 1945 Star (Access date 1 April 2015)
  19. 1 2 3 4 Extract from the Regulations – The 1939–1945 Star
  20. ↑ The National Archives – Merchant seamen's campaign medal records 1939–1945 (Access date 2 April 2015)
  21. ↑ Joslin, Litherland, and Simpkin (eds), British Battles and Medals, (1988), Spink. p. 248.
  22. 1 2 3 4 The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 56878. p. 3352. 17 March 2003.
  23. ↑ Government Notice no. 1982 of 1 October 1954 – Order of Precedence of Orders, Decorations and Medals, published in the Government Gazette of 1 October 1954.
  24. ↑ Republic of South Africa Government Gazette Vol. 477, no. 27376, Pretoria, 11 March 2005, OCLC 72827981
  25. 1 2 Free Czechoslovak Air Force – British Medals awarded to Czechoslovak airmen in WW2 – 1939–1945 Star (Access date 2 April 2015)
  26. ↑ Memoirs – My Days With The I.A.F (1940–48) – V S C Bonarjee, IAS (Access date 14 April 2015)
  27. ↑ Rear Side of the Medals (Access date 14 April 2015)
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