2016 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship

2016 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship
Championship details
Dates 1 May 2016 — 4 September 2016
Teams 14
All-Ireland champions
Winning team Tipperary (27th win)
Captain Brendan Maher
Manager Michael Ryan
All-Ireland Finalists
Losing team Kilkenny
Captain Shane Prendergast
Manager Brian Cody
Provincial champions
Munster Tipperary
Leinster Kilkenny
Ulster Antrim
Connacht Not Played
Championship statistics
No. matches played 21
Goals total 47 (2.2 per match)
Points total 790 (37.6 per match)
Top Scorer Shane Dooley (4-46)
Player of the Year Austin Gleeson (Waterford)
All-Star Team See here
2015
2017

The 2016 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship was the 129th staging of the All-Ireland championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1887. It is the top tier of senior inter-county championship hurling.[1]

The championship began on 1 May 2016 and ended on 4 September 2016.

Kilkenny were the defending champions.[2] Kerry qualified for the competition for the first time since 2004

Tipperary won the title for the 27th time and for the first time since 2010, defeating Kilkenny in the final, 2–29 to 2–20.[3][4]

Format

The All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship is a double-elimination tournament based on the Leinster and Munster provincial championships. Fourteen teams take part.

Leinster and Munster Hurling Championships

Leinster Senior Hurling Championship

Seven Leinster counties compete. Galway and Kerry, though not in Leinster, also participate. The competition begins with a qualifier group consisting of the four weakest teams. Two teams from the qualifier group progress and the remainder of the competition is knock-out. Most of the beaten teams enter the All-Ireland qualifiers – the two bottom teams in the Leinster qualifier group do not.

In 2016 the bottom team in the Leinster qualifier group will be relegated to next year's Christy Ring Cup (2nd tier). Their place in next year's Leinster qualifier group will be taken by the winner of 2016’s Christy Ring Cup.

Kerry qualified for this year's Leinster Championship by winning the 2015 Christy Ring Cup.

Munster Senior Hurling Championship

Five Munster counties compete. Kerry participates in The Leinster Hurling Championship (see above). The competition has a knock-out format. All of the beaten teams enter the All-Ireland qualifiers.

Qualifiers

All teams beaten in the quarter-finals and semi-finals of the Leinster and Munster Hurling Championships enter the All-Ireland hurling qualifiers which are knock-out. The qualifiers eventually result in two teams who play the beaten finalists of the Leinster and Munster championships in the two All-Ireland quarter-finals.

All-Ireland

The Leinster and Munster champions play the winners of the two quarter finals in the semi-finals. The final normally takes place on the first Sunday in September.

Non-participating Provincial Championships

Connacht and Ulster teams can qualify for the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship by winning the Christy Ring Cup (tier 2).

Connacht Senior Hurling Championship

This competition is no longer organised. Galway represent Connacht and participate in the Leinster Championship.

Ulster Senior Hurling Championship

Although this competition takes place, it is not part of the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship. Currently no Ulster teams qualify for the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship.

Changes from 2015 championship

Hawkeye was used for the first time in the Munster Hurling Championship in Thurles when Tipperary played Cork on 22 May 2016. Previously it was only installed in Croke Park.[5]

Broadcasting

Matches will be broadcast live on television in Ireland on RTÉ and Sky Sports, and in the United Kingdom on Sky Sports. Worldwide coverage will be provided on GAAGO.[6]

RTÉ coverage will be shown on RTÉ One on The Sunday Game Live presented by Michael Lyster in high definition. Des Cahill will present The Sunday Game highlights and analysis show on Sunday evening.[7]

These matches were broadcast live on television in Ireland

Round RTÉ Sky Sports
Munster Championship Tipperary vs Cork
Waterford vs Clare
Tipperary vs Limerick
Tipperary vs Waterford

Leinster Championship Dublin vs Wexford
Kilkenny vs Galway
Kilkenny vs Dublin
Qualifiers Wexford vs Offaly Cork vs Dublin
Cork vs Wexford
Clare vs Limerick
Quarter-Finals Waterford vs Wexford
Clare vs Galway
Semi-Finals Kilkenny vs Waterford
Kilkenny vs Waterford (replay)
Tipperary vs Galway
Kilkenny vs Waterford
Kilkenny vs Waterford (replay)
Tipperary vs Galway
Final Kilkenny vs Tipperary Kilkenny vs Tipperary

Provincial Championships

Leinster Senior Hurling Championship

Leinster Format

Nine counties compete - seven from Leinster plus Galway and Kerry. Last year's Leinster champions receive a bye into the semi-final. The championship begins with a qualifier group involving the four weakest teams. The group winners and runners-up join four of the five strongest teams in the three Leinster quarter finals.

Leinster Qualifier Group

Leinster Qualifier Group Table
Team Pld W D L SF SA SD Pts
1 Westmeath 33003-624-39+206
2 Offaly 32015-474-53-34
3 Kerry 31023-524-54 -52
4 Carlow 30034-433-58-120
Green background (rows 1 and 2) are the teams that earn a place in the quarter-finals of this year's Leinster Championship.

Red background (row 4) are relegated and play in the Christy Ring Cup next year. The winners of this year's Christy Ring Cup (Meath) are promoted in their place to the qualifier group of next year's Leinster Championship.

Leinster Qualifier Group Round 1
Leinster Qualifier Group Round 2
Leinster Qualifier Group Round 3

Leinster Knock-out

Leinster Quarter-Finals

Last year's Leinster champions receive a bye into the semi-finals. The remaining six teams (four seeded teams plus the qualifier group winners and runners-up) play in three quarter-finals. If a team from the qualifier group wins their quarter-final, they will be seeded in next year's Leinster championship and the beaten seeded team will compete in next year's Leinster qualifier group.

21 May 2016
Quarter-final
Dublin 2-19 - 0-12 Wexford
D Treacy 0-8f (7f, 1 '65), N McMorrow 0-4, E Dillon and D O'Connell 1-0 each, J McCaffrey, P Ryan, C Bennett, R O'Dwyer, D Plunkett, M Schutte and D O'Callaghan 0-1 each. Report C McDonald 0-6 (4f), L Óg McGovern 0-4, H Kehoe and E Moore ('65) 0-1 each.
Croke Park, Dublin
Attendance: 13,066
Referee: F Horgan (Tipperary)

5 June 2016
Quarter-final
Westmeath 0-19 - 3-27 Galway
N O’Brien 0-12 (8f), A Devine 0-2, B Murtagh 0-2 (1f), N Mitchell 0-2, K Doyle 0-1. Report J Canning (0-8, 3f, 1 sideline, 1 ’65), J Flynn 1-3 (0-1f), C Whelan 1-1, C Cooney 0-4, J Cooney 1-0, C Mannion 0-2, David Burke 0-3, D Glennon 0-3, S Moloney 0-1, P Brehony 0-1, N Burke 0-1.
Cusack Park, Mullingar
Attendance: 5,263
Referee: D Kirwan (Cork)

5 June 2016
Quarter-final
Offaly 3-22 - 2-14 Laois
S Dooley 1-11 (0-10fs, 1-0 pen, 0-1 65); J Bergin 1-1; S Kinsella 0-3; J Mulrooney 1-0; S Gardiner, P Murphy, S Ryan, K Connolly, C Kiely, S Cleary, L Langton 0-1 each Report PJ Scully 1-3(0-2fs, 1 65); C Dwyer 0-5; PJ Scully 1-0; N Foyle, S Maher (1f) 0-2 each; W Hyland, E Rowland (f) 0-1 each
O'Connor Park, Tullamore
Attendance: 5,183
Referee: J Ryan (Tipperary)

Leinster Semi-Finals

Last year's Leinster champions receive a bye into the semi-finals. They are joined by the winners of the three quarter-finals.

11 June 2016
19:00
Semi-final
Dublin 0-16 - 1-25 Kilkenny
D Treacy (0-11, 0-10 frees); D O’Callaghan (0-2); É Dillon, D Plunkett, P Ryan (0-1). Report TJ Reid (0-10, 0-7 frees, 0-1 ’65); JJ Farrell (1-5); C Buckley, W Walsh, M Fennelly (0-2); P Walsh, C Fogarty, L Ryan, C Fennelly (0-1).
O'Moore Park, Portlaoise
Attendance: 10,419
Referee: B Gavin (Offaly)

19 June 2016
15:30
Semi-final
Offaly 2-9 - 2-19 Galway
S Dooley (1-5, 1-0 pen, 0-4 frees), J Bergin (1-1), J Mulrooney (0-1), D Mooney (0-1), P Murphy (0-1). Report J Canning (0-8, 0-06 frees, 0-1 '65), C Cooney (1-3), N Burke (1-0), David Burke (0-2), J Cooney (0-2), P Mannion (0-2), C Whelan (0-1), C Donnellan (0-1).
O'Moore Park, Portlaoise
Attendance: 6,121
Referee: C Lyons (Cork)

Leinster Final

3 July 2016
16:00
Final
Kilkenny 1-26 - 0-22 Galway
TJ Reid 0-10 (0-7f, 1 65), J Farrell 1-4, R Hogan 0-5, C Fogarty 0-3, W Walsh 0-2, J Power 0-1, M Fennelly 0-1. Report J Canning 0-6 (0-6f), C Mannion 0-5, C Cooney 0-3, C Whelan 0-3, J Cooney 0-2, D Glennon 0-1, C Donnellan 0-1, A Smith 0-1.
Croke Park, Dublin
Attendance: 29,377
Referee: F. Horgan (Tipperary)

Munster Senior Hurling Championship

Munster Format

Five of the six Munster counties compete. Kerry qualify for the qualifier group of the Leinster championship. The competition is straight knock-out.

Munster Quarter-Final

22 May 2016
16:00
Quarter-final
Tipperary 0-22 - 0-13 Cork
S Callanan 0-8 (4f), J O’Dwyer 0-7 (2f, 1 65), N McGrath 0-2, Pádraic Maher, B Maher, J McGrath, J Forde & K Bergin 0-1 each. Report P Horgan 0-4f, A Cadogan 0-3, C Lehane 0-2 (1f), C Murphy, B Lawton, S Harnedy & L O’Farrell 0-1 each.
Semple Stadium, Thurles
Attendance: 29,114
Referee: B Kelly (Westmeath)

Munster Semi-Finals

5 June 2016
16:00
Semi-final
Clare 0-17 – 1-21 Waterford
C McGrath, C O’Connell (0-3, 2 frees each); P Collins, C Ryan (1 65’) (0-2 each); C Cleary, C Galvin, T Kelly, J Conlon, B Bugler, D Fitzgerald, D Reidy (0-1 each). Report Pauric Mahony (5 frees), A Gleeson (1 sideline) (0-6 each); M Shanahan (1-2); K Moran (0-3); D Fives, Shane Bennett, Philip Mahony, J Dillon (0-1 each).
Semple Stadium, Thurles
Attendance: 19,715
Referee: J Owens (Wexford)

19 June 2016
16:00
Semi-final
Tipperary 3-12 – 1-16 Limerick
S Callanan (1-6, 0-3 frees, 0-2 65s); M Breen (2-1); N McGrath (0-3); J McGrath, Pádraic Maher (0-1 each). Report S Dowling (0-9, 8 frees); T Morrissey (1-0); D Hannon (0-2); B Nash, C Lynch, G Hegarty, J Ryan, J Fitzgibbon (0-1 each).
Semple Stadium, Thurles
Attendance: 25,531
Referee: J McGrath (Westmeath)

Munster Final

10 July 2016
16:00
Final
Waterford 0-13 – 5-19 Tipperary
Pauric Mahony (0-6, 4 frees); P. Curran (0-5, 3 frees); A. Gleeson (0-2, sidelines) Report S. Callanan (1-11, 8 frees, 1 65); J. McGrath (3-2, 1-0 pen); M. Breen (1-1); Pádraic Maher, N. McGrath, Patrick Maher, J. Forde, A. McCormack (0-1 each)
Gaelic Grounds, Limerick
Attendance: 26,508
Referee: Brian Gavin (Offaly)

All-Ireland Qualifiers

All qualifier matches are knock-out.

Qualifiers Round 1

Qualifiers Round 1 Format

The eight teams beaten in the quarter-finals and semi-finals of the Leinster (5 teams) and Munster (3 teams) provincial championships play in four matches.[8] A draw is made that ensures there are three matches between Leinster and Munster teams and one match between two Leinster teams.

Qualifiers Round 1 Matches

Qualifiers Round 2


Qualifiers Round 2 Format

The four winners of round 1 play in two matches. The draw was made on 4 July.[9] Teams who have already met in the Leinster or Munster championships cannot be drawn to meet again.

Qualifiers Round 2 Matches

All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship

Quarter-finals Semi-finals Final
       
  Kilkenny  
13th August, Semple Stadium
 bye    
  Kilkenny  2-19
24th July, Semple Stadium
      Waterford  2-17  
  Waterford  0-21
4 September, Croke Park
  Wexford  0-11  
  Kilkenny   2-20
   
    Tipperary   2-29
  Tipperary  
14th August, Croke Park
 bye    
  Tipperary  2-19
24th July, Semple Stadium
      Galway  2-18  
  Galway  2-17
  Clare  0-17  
 

All-Ireland Quarter-Finals

The beaten finalists from the Leinster and Munster championships play the winners of round 2 of the qualifiers.

24 July 2016
14:00
Quarter-final
Waterford 0-21 – 0-11 Wexford
Pauric Mahony 0-8 (6f), A Gleeson 0-2, J Barron 0-2, S Bennett 0-2, M Walsh 0-2, M Shanahan 0-2, B O’Halloran 0-2, J Dillon 0-1 Report C McDonald 0-5 (4f), L Chin 0-2, É Martin 0-1, L Ryan 0-1, J O’Connor 0-1, D Dunne 0-1
Semple Stadium, Thurles
Attendance: 31,690
Referee: A Kelly (Galway)

24 July 2016
16:00
Quarter-final
Galway 2-17 – 0-17 Clare
J Canning (1-8, 0-6 frees, 2 65s); C Cooney (1-0); J Cooney, David Burke (0-2 each); J Coen, P Mannion, C Donnellan, C Mannion, A Harte (0-1 each). Report T Kelly (0-7, 6 frees); C Galvin (0-5); C McGrath, C Ryan (frees) (0-2 each); D McInerney (0-1).
Semple Stadium, Thurles
Attendance: 31,690
Referee: Brian Gavin (Offaly)

All-Ireland Semi-Finals

The Leinster and Munster champions play the winners of the two quarter-finals.

7 August 2016
15:30
Semi-final
Kilkenny 1-21 – 0-24 Waterford
TJ Reid 0-11 (0-10f, 0-1 ’65), W Walsh 1-1, R Hogan 0-4, C Fogarty 0-2, E Larkin, M Fennelly, C Fennelly 0-1 each. Report Pauric Mahony 0-14 (0-10f, 0-1 ’65), A Gleeson 0-5, J Dillon 0-2, K Moran, P Curran, M Shanahan 0-1 each.
Croke Park, Dublin
Attendance: 34,432
Referee: J Owens (Wexford)

13 August 2016
18:45
Semi-final replay
Kilkenny 2-19 – 2-17 Waterford
C Fennelly 2-1, TJ Reid 0-7 (6fs), R Hogan 0-4, L Blanchfield 0-3, P Walsh 0-2, E Larkin 0-1, W Walsh 0-1. Report Pauric Mahony 0-9 (7fs), A Gleeson 1-2, J Dillon 1-0, Shane Bennett 0-2, J Barron 0-2, M Shanahan 0-2.
Semple Stadium, Thurles
Attendance: 30,058
Referee: James McGrath (Westmeath)

14 August 2016
15:30
Semi-final
Tipperary 2-19 – 2-18 Galway
S Callanan 0-9 (0-8f, 0-1 ’65), J McGrath 1-1, J O'Dwyer 1-0, N McGrath, M Breen 0-3 each, R Maher, P Maher, B Maher 0-1 each. Report C Cooney 1-7 (0-5f), J Canning 0-5 (0-3f, 0-1 ’65), J Cooney 1-1, C Whelan 0-2, S Mlaoney, D Burke, J Flynn 0-1 each.
Croke Park, Dublin
Attendance: 54,227
Referee: B Kelly (Westmeath)

All-Ireland Final

4 September 2016
15:30
Final
Kilkenny 2-20 – 2-29 Tipperary
TJ Reid (0-11, 0-10f, 0-01 65), K Kelly (1-02), R Hogan (1-01), E Larkin (0-02), P Walsh (0-02), W Walsh (0-01), C Buckley (0-01). Report S Callanan (0-13, 0-03f, 1 65), J O'Dwyer (1-05, 1 s/l, 0-01f), J McGrath (1-03), Patrick Maher (0-02), J Forde (0-02), S Kennedy (0-01), Pádraic Maher (0-01), D McCormack (0-01), N McGrath (0-01).
Croke Park, Dublin
Attendance: 82,016
Referee: B Gavin (Offaly)

Statistics

Top scorer overall

Rank Player County Tally Total Matches Average
1 Shane Dooley Offaly 4-46 58 6 9.67
2 Séamus Callanan Tipperary 2-47 53 5 10.60
3 T.J. Reid Kilkenny 0-49 49 5 9.80
4 Niall O'Brien Westmeath 0-43 43 5 8.60
Pauric Mahony Waterford 0-43 43 5 8.60
6 Joe Canning Galway 1-35 38 5 7.60
7 Conor McDonald Wexford 0-35 35 4 8.75
8 Shane Dowling Limerick 0-29 29 3 9.66
9 David Treacy Dublin 0-28 28 3 9.33
10 Tony Kelly Clare 0-27 27 4 6.75

Top scorer in a single game

Rank Player County Tally Total Opposition
1 Shane Dooley Offaly 1-11 14 Laois
Séamus Callanan Tipperary 1-11 14 Waterford
Shane Dowling Limerick 1-11 14 Westmeath
Pauric Mahony Waterford 0-14 14 Kilkenny
5 Shane Dooley Offaly 1-10 13 Carlow
Shane Dooley Offaly 1-10 13 Kerry
Conor McDonald Wexford 0-13 13 Cork
Séamus Callanan Tipperary 0-13 13 Kilkenny
9 Niall O'Brien Westmeath 0-12 12 Galway
Patrick Horgan Cork 0-12 12 Dublin

Clean sheets

Rank Goalkeeper County Clean sheets
1 Eoin Murphy Kilkenny 3
2 Darren Gleeson Tipperary 2
Anthony Nash Cork 2
Andrew Fahy Clare 2
Nickie Quaid Limerick 2
Colm Callanan Galway 2
7 Aiden McCabe Kerry 1
Paddy Maloney Westmeath 1
James Dempsey Offaly 1
Dean Grennan Carlow 1
Conor Dooley Dubin 1
Stephen O'Keeffe Waterford 1

Scoring

Widest winning margin: 35 points

Most goals in a match: 5

Most points in a match: 49

Most goals by one team in a match: 5

Highest aggregate score: 61

Lowest aggregate score: 34

Most goals scored by a losing team: 2

Miscellaneous

Teams

Overview

All bar one of the teams from the 2015 championship will line out in hurling's top tier in 2016.

Antrim, who finished bottom of the 2015 Leinster qualifier group, were relegated to the Christy Ring Cup. Their place in the 2016 Leinster qualifier group goes to Kerry who won the 2015 Christy Ring Cup and gained automatic promotion.[13] It will be the first time since 2004 that Kerry will participate in the senior championship.

List of teams

Team Colours Sponsor Captain(s) Vice-captain(s) Manager(s) Most recent success
All-Ireland Provincial League
Carlow Dan Morrissey Ltd. Séamus Murphy
Alan Corcoran
Pat English
Clare Pat O'Donnell Tony Kelly
Cian Dillon
Colin Ryan
Shane O'Donnell
Davy Fitzgerald 2013 1998 2016
Cork Chill Insurance Stephen McDonnell Séamus Harnedy Kieran Kingston 2005 2014 1998
Dublin AIG Liam Rushe Ger Cunningham 1938 2013 2011
Galway Supermac's David Burke Joe Canning Micheal Donoghue 1988 2012 2010
Kerry Kerry Group Daniel Collins Tom Murnane Ciarán Carey 1891 1891
Kilkenny Glanbia Shane Prendergast Brian Cody 2015 2015 2014
Laois MW Hire Services Charles Dwyer Séamus Plunkett 1915 1949
Limerick Sporting Limerick Nickie Quaid Séamus Hickey T. J. Ryan 1973 2013 1997
Offaly Carroll Cuisine Colin Egan James Dempsey
James Mulrooney
Éamonn Kelly 1998 1995 1990–91
Tipperary Intersport/Elverys Brendan Maher Pádraic Maher Michael Ryan 2010 2015 2008
Waterford 3 Kevin Moran Derek McGrath 1959 2010 2015
Westmeath Renault Aonghus Clarke Michael Ryan
Wexford Gain Matthew O'Hanlon Lee Chin Liam Dunne 1996 2004 1972–73

Referees

Sean Cleere - Kilkenny

Brian Gavin - Offaly

Fergal Horgan - Tipperary

John Keenan - Wicklow

Alan Kelly - Galway

Barry Kelly - Westmeath

Diarmuid Kirwan - Cork

Colm Lyons - Cork

James McGrath - Westmeath

Paud O'Dwyer - Carlow

James Owens - Wexford

Johnny Ryan - Tipperary

Attendances

Highest attendances:

Total attendance: 486,553
Average attendance: 24,328

Awards

Sunday Game Team of the Year

The Sunday Game team of the year was picked on 4 September, which was the night of the final. The panel consisting of Brendan Cummins, Henry Shefflin, Michael Duignan, Ger Loughnane, Liam Sheedy, Eddie Brennan and Cyril Farrell selected Tipperary's Séamus Callanan as the Sunday game player of the year. Other players nominated were Padraic Maher and John McGrath of Tipperary.[14][15][16]

All Star Team of the Year

On 4 November, the 2016 All Star Award winners were announced at the awards ceremony in the National Convention Centre in Dublin. Austin Gleeson of Waterford was named as the All Stars Hurler of the Year and the All Stars Young Hurler of the Year.[17][18]

References

  1. Hurling tiers - 1. All-Ireland (Liam MacCarthy) 2. Christy Ring 3. Nicky Rackard 4. Lory Meagher
  2. McGoldrick, Seán (6 September 2015). "Kilkenny deliver an 11th All-Ireland for Brian Cody as Galway challenge fades away". Irish Independent. Retrieved 6 September 2015.
  3. "All-Ireland final: Kilkenny v Tipperary Live". Irish Times. 3 September 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
  4. "Michael Ryan's stamp delivers title for Tipperary tigers". Irish Examiner. 5 September 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
  5. Gaelic Athletic Association. "Hawkeye confirmed for Munster SHC clash between Cork and Tipperary at Semple". gaa.ie. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
  6. "Here are the 31 championship games RTÉ One will be showing live this summer". The 42. 8 May 2016. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
  7. "RTÉ announces extensive GAA Championship coverage for 2016". RTÉ Sport. 8 May 2016. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
  8. "Revealed! All-Ireland hurling and football qualifier draws throw up serious encounters". Irish Independent. 20 June 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
  9. "Clare and Limerick to meet in mouth-watering Qualifier clash". Irish Independent. 4 July 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
  10. "Kerry hurlers start as they mean to go in Leinster with win over Carlow". The 42. 1 May 2016. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
  11. "Westmeath stun woeful Offaly". Irish Examiner. 2 May 2016. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
  12. "At a glance: Championship weekend". RTÉ Sport. 12 August 2016. Retrieved 17 August 2016.
  13. "Explainer: Why will the Kerry hurlers be in Leinster next year?". The 42. 8 June 2015. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
  14. "The Sunday Game experts have named their 2016 Hurling Team of the Year". The 42. 4 September 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
  15. "Tipperary dominate The Sunday Game team of 2016". RTE Sport. 4 September 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
  16. "The Sunday Game team of 2016". Balls.ie. 4 September 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
  17. "7 from Tipperary and 4 from Kilkenny - the 2016 All-Star hurling team". The 42. 4 November 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  18. "Both All-Ireland winners snubbed in Player of the Year awards". Irish Independent. 4 November 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
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