Provinces of Ireland

For ecclesiastical provinces, see List of Roman Catholic dioceses in Ireland and List of Anglican dioceses in the United Kingdom and Ireland.

Area:	84,421 km²
Provinces of Ireland Cúigí na hÉireann
Location

Leinster Munster Connacht Ulster
Statistics
Population (2011):	6,241,700

Ireland has historically been divided into four provinces: Connacht, Leinster, Munster and Ulster. The Irish word for this territorial division, cúige, literally meaning "fifth part", indicates that there were once five; the fifth province, Meath, was incorporated into Leinster, with parts going to Ulster. The provinces of Ireland serve no administrative or political purposes, but function as historical and cultural entities.

History

The origins of these provinces (loosely federated kingdoms with somewhat flexible boundaries), of which there were five before the Norman invasion, can be traced to the over-riding influence exerted in their respective territories by the great Irish dynastic families of Uí Néill/O'Neill (Ulster), Uí Máeilsheáchlainn/O'Melaghlin (Mide), Uí Briain/O'Brien (Munster), Uí Conchobhair/O'Conor (Connacht) and Mac Murchadha-Caomhánach/MacMurrough-Kavanagh (Leinster). A "king of over-kings", a rí ruirech was often a provincial (rí cóicid) or semi-provincial king to whom several ruiri were subordinate. Entities belonging to the 1st and 2nd millennia are listed. These do not all belong to the same periods. Over the centuries, the number of provincial kings varied between three and six. No more than six genuine rí ruirech were ever contemporary, with the average being three or four. Also, following the Norman invasion, the situation became somewhat more condensed and complicated than previously. The Norman invasion began in 1169, and the Normans went on to occupy Ireland until 1541.

Post-Norman invasion

In the post-Norman period the historic provinces of Leinster and Meath gradually merged, mainly due to the impact of the Pale, which straddled both, thereby forming the present-day province of Leinster. In the early Irish annals these five ancient political divisions were referred to as cúigí ("fifths") such as the fifth of Munster, the fifth of Ulster and so on. Later record-makers dubbed them provinces, in imitation of the Roman imperial provinciae.

In modern times they have become associated with groups of counties, although they have no legal status. They are today seen mainly in a sporting context, as Ireland's four professional rugby teams play under the names of the provinces, and the Gaelic Athletic Association has separate GAA provincial councils and Provincial championships.

The provinces were supplanted by the present system of counties after the Norman invasion. During the Tudor conquest, and for about a century after, provincial Presidencies existed in Connacht and Munster, serving a primarily military role.

Six of the nine Ulster counties form modern-day Northern Ireland, which is part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland is sometimes called a province of the United Kingdom. These two inconsistent usages of the word "province" (along with the use of the term "Ulster" to describe Northern Ireland) can cause confusion.

Provincial flags and arms

Each Province is today represented by its own unique arms and flag, these are joined together to represent various All Ireland sports teams and organisations via the Four Provinces Flag of Ireland and a four province Crest of Ireland, examples include the Ireland national field hockey team, Ireland Curling team, Ireland national rugby league team, Ireland national rugby union team and Irish Amateur Boxing Association.

Four Provinces Flag of Ireland

Four Provinces Location map with Emblems

Provincial Flag of Connacht
Provincial Flag of Ulster
Provincial Flag of Munster
Provincial Flag of Leinster
Provincial Flag of Mide, the former fifth province of Ireland

Demographics and politics

Province	Irish name	Population (2011)	Area (km²)	GDP (euro) (2012)	GDP per capita (euro) (2012)	Density	Number of Counties†	Chief city
Leinster	Laighin Cúige Laighean	2,504,814	19,800	100 bn	40,000	126.5	12	Dublin
Ulster	Ulaidh Cúige Uladh	2,106,296‡	21,882	50 bn	23,000	96.3	9	Belfast
Munster	Mumhain Cúige Mumhan	1,246,088	24,675	50 bn	40,000	50.5	6	Cork
Connacht	Connachta Cúige Chonnacht	542,547	17,788	15 bn	30,000	30.5	5	Galway
Note 1: † "Number of Counties" is traditional counties, not administrative ones. Note 2: ‡ Population for Ulster is the sum of the 2011 census results for counties of Ulster in Republic of Ireland and the 2011 census results for Northern Ireland.^[1] Population for other provinces is all 2011 census results.

Poetic description

This dinnseanchas poem named Ard Ruide (Ruide Headland) poetically describes the kingdoms of Ireland. Below is a translation from Old Irish:

Connacht in the west is the kingdom of learning, the seat of the greatest and wisest druids and magicians; the men of Connacht are famed for their eloquence, their handsomeness and their ability to pronounce true judgement.
Ulster in the north is the seat of battle valour, of haughtiness, strife, boasting; the men of Ulster are the fiercest warriors of all Ireland, and the queens and goddesses of Ulster are associated with battle and death.

Leinster, the eastern kingdom, is the seat of prosperity, hospitality, the importing of rich foreign wares like silk or wine; the men of Leinster are noble in speech and their women are exceptionally beautiful.

Munster in the south is the kingdom of music and the arts, of harpers, of skilled ficheall players and of skilled horsemen. The fairs of Munster were the greatest in all Ireland.

The last kingdom, Meath, is the kingdom of Kingship, of stewardship, of bounty in government; in Meath lies the Hill of Tara, the traditional seat of the High King of Ireland. The ancient earthwork of Tara is called Rath na Ríthe ('Ringfort of the Kings').

References

↑ Northern Ireland CSO, Northern Ireland Census Results 2011

Counties of Ireland

The counties are listed per province

Connacht	Galway Leitrim Mayo Roscommon Sligo

Leinster	Carlow Dublin Region Dublin Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown Fingal South Dublin Kildare Kilkenny Laois Longford Louth Meath Offaly Westmeath Wexford Wicklow

Munster	Clare Cork Kerry Limerick Tipperary North Tipperary South Tipperary Waterford

Ulster	Antrim^† Armagh^† Cavan Donegal Down^† Fermanagh^† Londonderry^† Monaghan Tyrone^†

Italics denote non-administrative counties. Brackets denote non-traditional counties. ^†denotes non-administrative counties of Northern Ireland

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