Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance

Phosphorus-31 NMR spectroscopy (NMR stands for nuclear magnetic resonance) is an analytical technique. Solution ³¹P-NMR is one of the more routine NMR techniques because ³¹P has an isotopic abundance of 100% and a relatively high magnetogyric ratio. The ³¹P nucleus also has a spin of ½, making spectra relatively easy to interpret. Phosphorus is commonly found in organic compounds and coordination complexes (as phosphines), making it useful to measure ³¹P NMR spectra routinely.

Operational aspects

With a magnetogyric ratio 40.5% of that for ¹H, ³¹P NMR signals are observed near 202 MHz on an 11.7 Tesla magnet (used for 500 MHz ¹H NMR measuements). Chemical shifts are referenced to 85% phosphoric acid, which is assigned the chemical shift of 0, with positive shifts to low field/high frequency.^[1] Due to the inconsistent nuclear Overhauser effect, integrations are not useful.^[1] Most often, spectra are recorded with protons decoupled.

Applications in chemistry

³¹P-NMR spectroscopy is useful to assay purity and to assign structures of phosphorus-containing compounds because these signals are well resolved and often occur at characteristic frequencies. Chemical shifts and coupling constants span a large range but sometimes are not readily predictable. The Gutmann-Beckett method uses Et₃PO in conjunction with ³¹P NMR-spectroscopy to assess the Lewis acidity of molecular species.

Chemical shifts

The ordinary range of chemical shifts ranges from about δ250 to -δ250, which is much wider than typical for ¹H NMR. Unlike ¹H NMR spectroscopy, ³¹P NMR shifts are primarily not determined by the magnitude of the diamagnetic shielding, but are dominated by the so-called paramagnetic shielding tensor (unrelated to paramagnetism). The paramagnetic shielding tensor, σ_p, includes terms that describe the radial expansion (related to charge), energies of excited states, and bond overlap. Illustrative of the effects lead to big changes in chemical shifts, the chemical shifts of the two phosphate esters (MeO)₃PO (δ2.1) and (t-BuO)₃PO (δ-13.3). More dramatic are the shifts for phosphine derivatives H₃P (δ-240), (CH₃)₃P (δ-62), (i-Pr)₃P (δ20), and (t-Bu)₃P (δ61.9).^[2]

Coupling constants

One-bond coupling is illustrated by PH₃ where J(P,H) is 189 Hz. Two-bond couplings, e.g. PCH are an order of magnitude smaller. The situation for phosphorus-carbon couplings are more complicated since the two-bond couplings are often larger than one-bond couplings. The J(¹³C,³¹P) values for triphenylphosphine are = -12.5, 19.6, 6.8, 0.3 for one-, two-, three-, and four-bond couplings.^[3]

Biomolecular applications

³¹P-NMR spectroscopy is widely used for studies of phospholipid bilayers and biological membranes in native conditions. The analysis^[4] of ³¹P-NMR spectra of lipids could provide a wide range of information about lipid bilayer packing, phase transitions (gel phase, physiological liquid crystal phase, ripple phases, non bilayer phases), lipid head group orientation/dynamics, and elastic properties of pure lipid bilayer and as a result of binding of proteins and other biomolecules.

In addition, a specific N-H...(O)-P experiment (INEPT transfer using three-bond scalar coupling ³J_N-P~5 Hz) could provide a direct information about formation of hydrogen bonds between amine protons of protein to phosphate of lipid headgroups, which is useful in studies of protein/membrane interactions.

References

1. Roy Hoffman (2007). "³¹Phosphorus NMR". Hebrew University.
2. D. G. Gorenstein "Nonbiological Aspects of Phosphorus-31 NMR Spectroscopy" Progress in NMR Spectroscopy 1983, vol. 16, pp. 98.
3. O. Kühl "Phosphorus-31 NMR Spectroscopy" Springer, Berlin, 2008. ISBN 978-3-540-79118-8
4. Dubinnyi MA; Lesovoy DM; Dubovskii PV; Chupin VV; Arseniev AS (Jun 2006). "Modeling of ³¹P-NMR spectra of magnetically oriented phospholipid liposomes: A new analytical solution". Solid State Nucl Magn Reson. 29 (4): 305–311. doi:10.1016/j.ssnmr.2005.10.009. PMID 16298110.