6th Army (Wehrmacht)

German 6th Army
Armee-Oberkommando 6
Active 10 October 1939 – 3 February 1943
5 March 1943 – 6 May 1945
Country  Germany
Branch Heer
Type Infantry
Size 285,000[1]
246,000 (18 December 1942)[2]
Engagements

World War II

Battle of Belgium
Battle of Gembloux (1940)
Fall of France
Battle of Uman
Battle of Kiev (1941)
First Battle of Kharkov
Second Battle of Kharkov
Battle of Stalingrad
Battle of Romania
Commanders
Notable
commanders		 Walther von Reichenau
Friedrich Paulus
Insignia
Identification
symbol
Identification
symbol		 Army insignia

The 6th Army was a field army of the German Wehrmacht during World War II. The army is known for being destroyed in the Battle of Stalingrad and for the war crimes committed under the command of Field Marshal Walther von Reichenau during Operation Barbarossa.

Western campaigns

Originally numbered as the 10th Army, this combat unit was formed on 10 October 1939 with General Walther von Reichenau in command. Its primary mission was to guard the western defenses of Germany against British and French attacks during the Polish campaign. During the invasion of the Low Countries the 6th Army saw active service linking up with paratroopers and destroying fortifications at Eben Emael, Liège, and Namur during the Battle of Belgium. The 6th Army was then involved in the breakthrough of the Paris defences on 12 June 1940, before acting as a northern flank for German forces along the Normandy coast during the closing stages of the Battle of France.

War against the Soviet Union

The 6th Army took part in Operation Barbarossa as the spearhead of Army Group South. Reichenau died in an aircraft accident while being transported to a hospital after a heart attack in January 1942.[3] He was succeeded by his former chief of staff, General Friedrich Paulus.[4] Paulus led the 6th Army to a major victory at the Second Battle of Kharkov during the spring of 1942.[5]

Battle of Stalingrad

The Soviet counter-attack at Stalingrad
  German front, 19 November
  German front, 12 December
  German front, 24 December
  Soviet advance, 19–28 November

On 28 June 1942, Army Group South began Operation Blau; the German Army's summer offensive into southern Russia.[6] The goals of the operation were to secure both the oil fields at Baku, Azerbaijan, and the city of Stalingrad on the river Volga to protect the forces advancing into the Caucasus.[7] After two months, the 6th Army reached the outskirts of Stalingrad on 23 August.[8] On the same day, over 1,000 aircraft of the Luftflotte 4 fire-bombed the city, killing over 90,000 civilians[citation needed].

Stalingrad was defended by the Soviet 62nd Army under the command of General Vasily Chuikov.[9] Despite air superiority over Stalingrad, and with more artillery pieces than the Red Army, progress was reduced to no more than several meters a day. Eventually, by mid November, the 62nd Army had been pushed to the banks of the Volga, but the 6th Army was unable to eliminate the remaining Soviet troops.[10]

On 19 November the Stavka launched Operation Uranus, a major offensive by Soviet forces on the flanks of the German army.[11] The first pincer attacked far to the west of the Don, with the second thrust beginning a day later attacking far to the south of Stalingrad.[12] The 6th Army's flanks were protected by Romanian and Hungarian troops, who were quickly routed, and on 23 November, the pincers of the attack met at Kalach-na-Donu, thereby encircling 6th Army.[13] A relief attempt was launched on 12 December, codenamed Operation Winter Storm and failed.[14] The army surrendered between 31 January and 2 February 1943.[15] German casualties are 147,200 killed and wounded and over 91,000 captured, the latter including 24 generals and 2,500 officers of lesser rank.[15] Only 5,000 would return to Germany after the war.[1]

Reformation

The army was reformed by renaming Armee-Abteilung Hollidt on 5 March 1943 under the command of General Karl-Adolf Hollidt.[16] It later fought in Ukraine and Romania as part of Army Group South until transferred to Army Group A (later renamed to Army Group South Ukraine).[17] The army was encircled and almost destroyed during the Soviet Iassy-Kishinev Operation.[18]

In October 1944, under the command of General Maximilian Fretter-Pico, the 6th Army encircled and destroyed three Soviet corps of Mobile Group Pliyev under the command of Issa Pliyev in the Battle of Debrecen.[19] During this time, the 6th Army had the Hungarian Second Army placed under its command, and it was known as "Army Group Fretter-Pico" (Armeegruppe Fretter-Pico).[20]

Command passed to General Hermann Balck in 23 December 1944.[21] In December 1944, one of the 6th Army's subordinate units, the IX SS Mountain Corps, was encircled in Budapest.[22] IV SS Panzer Corps was transferred to the 6th Army's command[23] and a series of relief attempts, codenamed Operation Konrad, was launched during the 46-day-long Siege of Budapest.[24]

After the failure of Konrad III, the 6th Army was made part of "Army Group Balck" (Armeegruppe Balck). This army group fell back to the area near Lake Balaton. Several units, including the III Panzer Corps, took part in Operation Spring Awakening, while the rest of the Sixth Army provided defence for the left flank of the offensive, in the region west of Székesfehérvár. After the failure of the offensive, the army held the line until the Soviet Vienna Offensive on 16 March 1945.[25] This offensive tore a gap in the 6th Army between the IV SS Panzer Corps and the 3rd Hungarian Army (subordinated to Balck's command), shattering the formation.[26] By the end of March 1945, the 6th Army was retreating towards Vienna.[27] It surrendered to the U.S. Army on 9 May 1945.

War crimes

Bila Tserkva massacre

Soon after the beginning of Operation Barbarossa, the Sixth Army's surgeon, the staff doctor Gerhart Panning, learned about captured Russian dumdum bullets by using Jewish POWs. To determine the effects of this type of ammunition on German soldiers, he decided to test them on other human beings after asking SD member and SS-Standartenführer Paul Blobel for some "guinea pigs", (Jewish POWs).[28]

In July 1941 while conducting operations in Right-bank Ukraine, the Sixth Army bloodlessly captured the Ukrainian village of Bila Tserkva. Immediately after the village's capitulation, Sixth Army police units separated the Jewish population of the city into a ghetto and required that they wear the Star of David as identification. Two weeks after the occupation, members of Einsatzgruppen marched the Jews out of the village, 800 men and women in all, to be shot. The Sixth Army provided logistical support for this massacre, providing drivers, guards, weapons and ammunition. Afterwards ninety children aged twelve and under were left, their parents having been killed the night before. A staff officer with the division that made the village their headquarters wrote of their conditions:

"The rooms were filled with about 90 children. There was an indescribable amount of filth; Rags, diapers, refuse lay everywhere. Countless flies cover the children, some of whom were naked. Almost all of the children were crying or whimpering. The stench was unbearable. In the above mentioned case, measures were taken against women and children which were no different from atrocities committed by the enemy.".
— Lieutenant Colonel Helmuth Groscurth (1941)[29]:06:18

Sixth army headquarters was faced with a decision on what to do with the children left behind now that their parents had been murdered. The division commander passed the decision up to Walter von Reichenau, then commander of the Sixth Army, who personally authorized the massacre.[29]:06:54 All the children were murdered[29]:07:27 by Sixth Army regulars.

Severity Order

The army's commander, Walther von Reichenau was a committed, fanatical Nazi, had this to say about the expected conduct of soldiers under his command:

"The soldier in the eastern territories is not merely a fighter according to the rules of the art of war but also a bearer of ruthless national ideology and the avenger of bestialities which have been inflicted upon German and racially related nations. Therefore the soldier must have full understanding for the necessity of a severe but just revenge on subhuman Jewry. The Army has to aim at another purpose, i.e., the annihilation of revolts in hinterland which, as experience proves, have always been caused by Jews...".[30]

Immediately after this order was issued, Sixth Army records show a dramatic increase in shootings, rapes and massacres committed by Sixth Army constituent units. The BBC upon examining the now released records of the Sixth Army, stated that there were "so many executions, and so many victims that it was impossible to keep them a secret."[29]:08:13

The Sixth Army confiscated large quantities of food to be used by its troops, creating acute food shortages in the Ukraine. By January 1942 around one-third of the Kharkov's 300,000 remaining inhabitants suffered from starvation. Many would die in the cold winter months.[31] Civilians survived the famine by making stews out of boiled leather and sawdust, and making omelets out of coagulated blood. Survivors bitterly remembered these "meals" for the rest of their lives.[32]

Commanders

Commanding officers

Chief of staff

Footnotes

  1. 1 2 Shirer 1960, p. 838.
  2. ↑ Ziemke 2002, p. 69.
  3. ↑ Adam & Ruhle 2015, pp. 1-2.
  4. ↑ Ziemke & Bauer 1987, p. 158.
  5. ↑ Ziemke 2002, p. 33.
  6. ↑ Ziemke 2002, p. 18.
  7. ↑ Ziemke 2002, pp. 15-16.
  8. ↑ Ziemke 2002, pp. 40-41.
  9. ↑ Ziemke 2002, p. 42.
  10. ↑ Ziemke 2002, p. 46.
  11. ↑ Ziemke 2002, p. 53.
  12. ↑ Ziemke 2002, pp. 53-54.
  13. ↑ Ziemke 2002, p. 57.
  14. ↑ Ziemke 2002, pp. 63-64.
  15. 1 2 Ziemke 2002, p. 79.
  16. ↑ Ziemke 2002, p. 137.
  17. ↑ Ziemke 2002, p. 242.
  18. ↑ Ziemke 2002, pp. 353-355.
  19. ↑ Ziemke 2002, p. 362.
  20. ↑ Ziemke 2002, p. 359.
  21. ↑ Ziemke 2002, p. 385.
  22. ↑ Ziemke 2002, pp. 384-386.
  23. ↑ Ziemke 2002, p. 386.
  24. ↑ Ziemke 2002, pp. 433-437.
  25. ↑ Ziemke 2002, p. 452.
  26. ↑ Ziemke 2002, p. 453.
  27. ↑ Ziemke 2002, p. 455.
  28. ↑ Lower, Wendy (2005), "The Holocaust and Colonialism in Ukraine: A Case Study of the Generalbezirk Zhytomyr, Ukraine, 1941–1944", The Holocaust in the Soviet Union Symposium Presentations (PDF), United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Center For Advanced Holocaust Studies, p. 6
  29. 1 2 3 4 "The Wehrmacht: Warcrimes (part 2)". BBC. Retrieved 2013-11-03.
  30. ↑ von Reichenau, Walter (October 10, 1941). "Secret Field Marshal v.Reichenau Order Concerning Conduct of Troops in the Eastern Territories, 10 October 1941". Stuart D. Stein, The School of Humanities, Languages and Social Sciences, University of the West of England. Retrieved 2009-12-18. The soldier in the eastern territories is not merely a fighter according to the rules of the art of war but also a bearer of ruthless national ideology and the avenger of bestialities which have been inflicted upon German and racially related nations. Therefore the soldier must have full understanding for the necessity of a severe but just revenge on subhuman Jewry. The Army has to aim at another purpose, i.e., the annihilation of revolts in hinterland which, as experience proves, have always been caused by Jews
  31. ↑ Margry 2001, p. 9
  32. ↑ "The Wehrmacht: Warcrimes (part 1)". BBC. Retrieved 2013-11-03.

Bibliography

  • Adam, Wilhelm; Ruhle, Otto (2015). With Paulus at Stalingrad. Translated by Tony Le Tissier. United Kingdom: Pen and Sword Books Ltd. ISBN 9781473833869. 
  • Boll, Bernd; Safrian, Hans (2004). "On the Way to Stalingrad". In Hannes Heer and Klaus Naumann. War Of Extermination: The German Military In World War II. New York: Berghahn Books. pp. 237–271. ISBN 1-57181-232-6. 
  • Shirer, William L. (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. United States: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-72868-7. 
  • Ziemke, Earl F.; Bauer III, Magna E. (1987). Moscow to Stalingrad: Decision in the East. Washington D.C.: Center of Military History, US Army. ISBN 9780160019425. 
  • Ziemke, Earl F. (2002). Stalingrad to Berlin: The German Defeat in the East. Washington D.C.: Center of Military History, US Army. ISBN 9781780392875. 
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