Acheron-class destroyer

HMS Acheron
Class overview
Name:	Acheron-class destroyer
Operators:	Royal Navy
Preceded by:	Acorn class
Succeeded by:	Acasta class
Built:	1911–1912
In commission:	1911–1922
Completed:	23
Lost:	3
Class overview
Name:	River-class destroyer
Operators:	Royal Australian Navy
Built:	1910–1915
In commission:	1911–1925
Completed:	6
Lost:	0
General characteristics
Displacement:	750 to 790 tons
Length:	246 ft (75.0 m) to 252 ft (76.8 m)
Beam:	26 ft (7.9 m) to 26 ft 9 in (8.15 m)
Draught:	8 ft 6 in (2.59 m) to 9 ft (2.7 m)
Installed power:	Standard I-class: 13,500 shp (10,067 kW) Acheron, Ariel: 15,500 shp (11,558 kW) Lurcher, Oak, Firedrake: 20,000 shp (14,914 kW)
Propulsion:	Standard I-class: 3 × Parsons steam turbines 3 × Yarrow-type oil-fired boilers 3 × shafts Ferret, Forester: 3 × Parsons steam turbines 3 × White-Forster oil-fired boilers 3 × shafts Hind, Hornet, Hydra: 2 × Brown-Curtis turbines 2 × Yarrow-type oil-fired boilers 2 × shafts Oak, Lurcher' Firedrake:[1] 2 × Parsons turbines 3 × Yarrow oil-fired boilers 2 × shafts
Speed:	27 kn (50 km/h; 31 mph) – 35 kn (64.8 km/h; 40.3 mph)
Armament:	2 × BL 4-inch (101.6 mm) L/40 Mark VIII guns, mounting P Mark V 2 × QF 12-pounder (76-mm) 12 cwt guns, mounting P Mark I 2 × single tubes for 21-inch (530 mm) torpedoes

The Acheron class (officially re-designated as the I class in October 1913) was a class of twenty-three destroyers of the British Royal Navy, all built under the 1910-11 Programme and completed between 1911 and 1912, which served during World War I. A further six ships were built to the same design for the Royal Australian Navy as River-class destroyers.^[2] There was considerable variation between the design and construction of ships within this class, which should be considered as more of a post-build grouping than a homogeneous class.^{[Note 1]}

Design

Originally, 20 ships, including Acheron, were ordered, but an additional three were completed by Yarrow & Company. Three River-class destroyers of the Royal Australian Navy were laid down in British yards, with a further three built in Australia.

The Acherons were generally repeats of the preceding Acorn- or H-class, although Acheron herself and five others were builders' specials. They differed from the Acorns in having only two funnels, both of which were short, the foremost being thicker than the after stack. The 12-pounder guns were mounted slightly further forward than in the Acorns.

Variation within the class

Fourteen of the class were completed to an Admiralty standard design, although those built by John Brown and Company at Clydebank (Hind, Hornet and Hydra) had Brown-Curtis type turbines and only two shafts. Archer and Attack used steam at higher pressures and Badger and Beaver were completed with geared steam turbines for evaluation purposes, achieving speeds of 30.7 knots (56.9 km/h; 35.3 mph) on trials.^[3]

Thornycroft specials

Acheron and Ariel were longer (77m), had higher installed power (15,500 shp) and were consequently faster, achieving 29.4 knots (54.4 km/h; 33.8 mph) on trials.^[3]

Yarrow specials (or "special I class")

Sir Alfred Yarrow maintained that it was possible to build strong, seaworthy destroyers with a speed of 32 knots (59 km/h; 37 mph), and eventually a contract for three such boats was placed with the firm. They were a little larger than the rest of the class, and developed 20,000 shp (15,000 kW), but carried the same armament. Like the John Brown-built boats Hind, Hydra and Hornet, they had only 2 shafts, with steam developed in 2 Yarrow-type water-tube boilers and delivered to 2 Parsons turbines.^[1] Firedrake, Lurcher and Oak were distinctive in appearance and indeed much faster. They all exceeded their contract speed, Lurcher making over 35 knots (65 km/h; 40 mph).

Conversion to minelayers

Ferret, Sandfly and Ariel were converted into fast minelaying destroyers in 1917, serving with the 20th Flotilla. They were each capable of laying 40 mines.^[4]

Evaluation

This class of torpedo boat destroyers (TBDs, or colloquially, "boats") handled well and were excellent sea boats; like similar classes of TBDs of the time, they had open bridges but were much drier at sea than was the norm.

Ships

Builders' I class

Name	Ship Builder	Launched	Fate
Acheron	John I. Thornycroft & Company, Woolston	27 June 1911	Sold 9 May 1921[5]
Archer	Yarrow & Company, Scotstoun, Glasgow	21 October 1911	Sold 9 May 1921[5]
Ariel	John I. Thornycroft & Company, Woolston	26 September 1911	Converted to fast minelayer in 1917. Mined while minelaying in North Sea 2 August 1918[6]
Attack	Yarrow & Company, Scotstoun, Glasgow	12 December 1911	Torpedoed or mined by German U-boat UC-34 off Alexandria 30 December 1917.[7]
Badger	William Denny & Brothers,[8] Dumbarton	11 July 1911	Sold 9 May 1921[5]
Beaver	William Denny & Brothers,[8] Dumbarton	6 October 1911	Sold May 1921

Admiralty I class

Name	Ship Builder	Launched	Fate
Defender	William Denny & Brothers, Dumbarton	30 August 1911	Sold 4 November 1921[5]
Druid	William Denny & Brothers, Dumbarton	4 December 1911[8]	Sold 9 May 1921[5]
Ferret	J. Samuel White & Company, Cowes	12 April 1911[8]	Converted to fast minelayer in 1917. Sold May 1921[8]
Forester	J. Samuel White & Company, Cowes	1 June 1911[8]	Sold November 1921[8]
Goshawk	William Beardmore & Company, Dalmuir	18 October 1911[8]	Sold November 1921[8]
Hind	John Brown & Company, Clydebank	28 July 1911[8]	Sold 9 May 1921[8]
Hornet	John Brown & Company, Clydebank	20 December 1911[8]	Sold 9 May 1921[8]
Hydra	John Brown & Company, Clydebank	19 February 1912[8]	Sold 9 May 1921[5]
Jackal	R. W. Hawthorn Leslie & Company, Hebburn	9 September 1911[8]	Sold September 1920[8]
Lapwing	Cammell Laird & Company, Birkenhead	29 July 1911[8]	Sold October 1921[8]
Lizard	Cammell Laird & Company, Birkenhead	10 October 1911[8]	Sold 4 November 1921[2]
Phoenix	Vickers, Barrow-in-Furness	9 October 1911	Torpedoed by the Austro-Hungarian submarine U-27 in the Adriatic Sea on 14 May 1918[9]
Sandfly	Swan Hunter & Wigham Richardson, Wallsend	26 July 1911[8]	Converted to fast minelayer in 1917. Sold May 1921[8]
Tigress	R. W. Hawthorn Leslie & Company, Hebburn	20 December 1911[8]	Sold 9 May 1921[5]

Yarrow Specials (or "Special I class")

Name	Ship Builder	Launched	Fate
Firedrake	Yarrow & Company, Scotstoun, Glasgow	9 April 1912	Sold 10 October 1922
Lurcher	Yarrow & Company, Scotstoun, Glasgow	1 June 1912	Sold 9 June 1922
Oak	Yarrow & Company, Scotstoun, Glasgow	5 September 1912	Sold May 1921[2][5]

Australian River class

Name	Ship Builder	Launched	Fate
Parramatta	Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company Limited, Govan, Glasgow	9 February 1910	Used as accommodation by NSW Penal Department, and sold as scrap. Bow and stern sections salvaged as memorials in 1973
Yarra	William Denny & Brothers, Dumbarton	9 April 1910	Broken up 1929
Warrego	Laid down at Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company Limited, Govan and constructed at Cockatoo Dockyard, Sydney from parts	4 April 1911	Broken up 1930 at Cockatoo Dockyard
Huon	Cockatoo Dockyard, Sydney	19 December 1914	Reduced to reserve 7 June 1928 and sunk as a target off Sydney 10 April 1931
Swan	Cockatoo Dockyard, Sydney	11 December 1915	Paid off for disposal 15 May 1928 and broken up at Cockatoo Dockyard in 1930
Torrens	Cockatoo Dockyard, Sydney	28 August 1915	Reduced to reserve 19 July 1920 and sunk as a target 24 November 1930

Notes

1. No class of ships were designated as the J class.

References

• Destroyers of the Royal Navy, 1893-1981, Maurice Cocker, 1983, Ian Allan ISBN 0-7110-1075-7
• The British Destroyer by Captain T D Manning CBE VRD RNVR (Ret'd), (Putnam, 1961)
• Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships, 1906-1921, Conway Maritime Press, 1985, Robert Gardiner ISBN 0-85177-245-5

1. "Miscellenia" (PDF). The Engineer. 114: 39. 12 July 1912. The vessel is 255ft. long by 25ft. 7in. beam, and is propelled by Parsons turbines driving two shafts, steam being supplied by three Yarrow water-tube boilers fitted with the firm's latest feed-heating devices
2. "Battleships-Cruisers.co.uk website - Acheron Class". Archived from the original on 20 July 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-04.
3. "I-class destroyers (extract from Jane's Fighting Ships of 1919)". Retrieved 2008-10-19.
4. Minesweeping and Minelaying from the Eleventh edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1911
5. ""Arrowsmith" List: Royal Navy WWI Destroyer Pendant Numbers". Retrieved 2008-07-01.
6. "Royal Navy Casualty List, August 1918 - Naval history.net website". Retrieved 2008-10-17.
7. "British Destroyers - Naval history.net website". Archived from the original on 5 October 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-25.
8. Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906-1921. London: Conway's Maritime Press. 1985. p. 75. ISBN 0-85177-245-5.
9. "HMAS Warrego at the Australian War Memorial website". Archived from the original on 25 September 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-26.