Adrenodoxin reductase

FDXR
Identifiers
Aliases	FDXR, ADXR, Adrenodoxin reductase, ferredoxin reductase
External IDs	MGI: 104724 HomoloGene: 3033 GeneCards: FDXR
Gene ontology Molecular function • oxidoreductase activity • ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase activity • protein binding • NADPH-adrenodoxin reductase activity Cellular component • mitochondrial matrix • mitochondrion Biological process • C21-steroid hormone biosynthetic process • sterol metabolic process • cholesterol metabolic process • oxidation-reduction process • generation of precursor metabolites and energy • steroid biosynthetic process • lipid metabolic process • steroid metabolic process Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	2232	14149
Ensembl	ENSG00000161513	ENSMUSG00000018861
UniProt	P22570	Q61578
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_001258012 NM_001258013 NM_001258014 NM_001258015 NM_001258016 NM_004110 NM_024417	NM_007997
RefSeq (protein)	NP_001244941.2 NP_001244942.2 NP_001244943.2 NP_001244944.1 NP_001244945.2 NP_004101.3 NP_077728.3	NP_032023.1
Location (UCSC)	Chr 17: 74.86 – 74.87 Mb	Chr 11: 115.27 – 115.28 Mb
PubMed search	[1]	[2]
Wikidata

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NADPH:adrenodoxin oxidoreductase, mitochondrial also known as adrenodoxin reductase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the FDXR gene, also known as ADXR. It catalyzes the following reaction:

NADPH + 2 oxidized adrenodoxin —→ 2 reduced adrenodoxin + NADP⁺ + H⁺

ADXR gene is expressed in all tissues that have mitochondrial P450s. The highest levels of the enzyme is found in the adrenal cortex, granulosa cells of the ovary and leydig cells of the testis that specialize in steroid hormone synthesis.^[3][4] In addition the enzyme is also expressed in the liver, the kidney and the placenta.

Gene structure

The cDNA for adrenodoxin reductase was first cloned in 1987.^[5] In both bovine and human genomes there is only a single copy of the gene.^[5][6]

Enzyme structure

Adrenodoxin reductase is an FAD containing flavoprotein that accepts two electrons from NADPH. The FAD and NADP binding sites of the enzyme were predicted by sequence analysis of the enzyme.^[7] The location of these FAD and NADP binding sites were confirmed by the crystal structure of the FAD bound enzyme in 1999.^[8]

Function

Adrenodoxin reductase is a mitochondrial flavoprotein as it carries a FAD type coenzyme. The enzyme functions as the first electron transfer protein of mitochondrial P450 systems such as P450scc. The FAD coenzyme receives two electrons from NADPH and transfers them one at a time to the electron transfer protein adrenodoxin.^[9] Adrenodoxin functions as a mobile shuttle that transfers electrons between ADXR and mitochondrial P450s.^[10]

Adrenodoxin reductase has been also called a ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase. But, determination of the sequence and structure of the enzyme revealed that it is completely different from ferredoxin reductase.^[7][8]

References

1. "Human PubMed Reference:".
2. "Mouse PubMed Reference:".
3. Hanukoglu I (Dec 1992). "Steroidogenic enzymes: structure, function, and role in regulation of steroid hormone biosynthesis". The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 43 (8): 779–804. doi:10.1016/0960-0760(92)90307-5. PMID 22217824.
4. Hanukoglu I, Hanukoglu Z (May 1986). "Stoichiometry of mitochondrial cytochromes P-450, adrenodoxin and adrenodoxin reductase in adrenal cortex and corpus luteum. Implications for membrane organization and gene regulation". European Journal of Biochemistry. 157 (1): 27–31. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1986.tb09633.x. PMID 3011431.
5. Hanukoglu I, Gutfinger T, Haniu M, Shively JE (Dec 1987). "Isolation of a cDNA for adrenodoxin reductase (ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase). Implications for mitochondrial cytochrome P-450 systems.". European Journal of Biochemistry. 169 (3): 449–455. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1987.tb13632.x. PMID 3691502.
6. Solish SB, Picado-Leonard J, Morel Y, Kuhn RW, Mohandas TK, Hanukoglu I, Miller WL (Oct 1988). "Human adrenodoxin reductase: two mRNAs encoded by a single gene on chromosome 17cen----q25 are expressed in steroidogenic tissues". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 85 (19): 7104–7108. doi:10.1073/pnas.85.19.7104. PMC 282132. PMID 2845396.
7. Hanukoglu I, Gutfinger T (Mar 1989). "cDNA sequence of adrenodoxin reductase. Identification of NADP-binding sites in oxidoreductases". European Journal of Biochemistry / FEBS. 180 (2): 479–84. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb14671.x. PMID 2924777.
8. Ziegler GA, Vonrhein C, Hanukoglu I, Schulz GE (Jun 1999). "The structure of adrenodoxin reductase of mitochondrial P450 systems: electron transfer for steroid biosynthesis". Journal of Molecular Biology. 289 (4): 981–90. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1999.2807. PMID 10369776.
9. Lambeth JD, Kamin H (Jul 1976). "Adrenodoxin reductase. Properties of the complexes of reduced enzyme with NADP+ and NADPH". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 251 (14): 4299–306. PMID 6475.
10. Hanukoglu I, Jefcoate CR (Apr 1980). "Mitochondrial cytochrome P-450scc. Mechanism of electron transport by adrenodoxin" (PDF). The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 255 (7): 3057–61. PMID 6766943.

Further reading

• Sparkes RS, Klisak I, Miller WL (Jun 1991). "Regional mapping of genes encoding human steroidogenic enzymes: P450scc to 15q23-q24, adrenodoxin to 11q22; adrenodoxin reductase to 17q24-q25; and P450c17 to 10q24-q25". DNA and Cell Biology. 10 (5): 359–65. doi:10.1089/dna.1991.10.359. PMID 1863359.
• Coghlan VM, Vickery LE (Oct 1991). "Site-specific mutations in human ferredoxin that affect binding to ferredoxin reductase and cytochrome P450scc". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 266 (28): 18606–12. PMID 1917982.
• Lin D, Shi YF, Miller WL (Nov 1990). "Cloning and sequence of the human adrenodoxin reductase gene". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 87 (21): 8516–20. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.21.8516. PMC 54987. PMID 2236061.
• Usanov SA, Chernogolov AA, Honkakoski P, Lang M, Passanen M, Raunio H, Pelkonen O (May 1990). "[Cholesterol-hydroxylating cytochrome P-450 from bovine adrenal cortex mitochondria and human placenta: immunochemical properties and structural characteristics]". Biokhimii͡A. 55 (5): 865–77. PMID 2393675.
• Sasano H, Sasano N, Okamoto M, Nonaka Y (May 1989). "Immunohistochemical demonstration of adrenodoxin reductase in bovine and human adrenals". Pathology, Research and Practice. 184 (5): 473–9. doi:10.1016/s0344-0338(89)80137-2. PMID 2748461.
• Usanov SA, Honkakoski P, Lang MA, Pasanen M, Pelkonen O, Raunio H (Oct 1989). "Comparison of the immunochemical properties of human placental and bovine adrenal cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme complex". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 998 (2): 189–95. doi:10.1016/0167-4838(89)90272-0. PMID 2790061.
• Maruyama K, Sugano S (Jan 1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides". Gene. 138 (1-2): 171–4. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8. PMID 8125298.
• Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, Suyama A, Sugano S (Oct 1997). "Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library". Gene. 200 (1-2): 149–56. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3. PMID 9373149.
• Müller JJ, Lapko A, Bourenkov G, Ruckpaul K, Heinemann U (Jan 2001). "Adrenodoxin reductase-adrenodoxin complex structure suggests electron transfer path in steroid biosynthesis". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (4): 2786–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.M008501200. PMID 11053423.
• Gonzalez MI, Robins DM (Mar 2001). "Oct-1 preferentially interacts with androgen receptor in a DNA-dependent manner that facilitates recruitment of SRC-1". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (9): 6420–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.M008689200. PMID 11096094.
• Tuckey RC, Headlam MJ (Jun 2002). "Placental cytochrome P450scc (CYP11A1): comparison of catalytic properties between conditions of limiting and saturating adrenodoxin reductase". The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 81 (2): 153–8. doi:10.1016/S0960-0760(02)00058-4. PMID 12137805.
• Liu G, Chen X (Oct 2002). "The ferredoxin reductase gene is regulated by the p53 family and sensitizes cells to oxidative stress-induced apoptosis". Oncogene. 21 (47): 7195–204. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1205862. PMID 12370809.
• Araya Z, Hosseinpour F, Bodin K, Wikvall K (Jun 2003). "Metabolism of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 by microsomal and mitochondrial vitamin D3 25-hydroxylases (CYP2D25 and CYP27A1): a novel reaction by CYP27A1". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1632 (1-3): 40–7. doi:10.1016/S1388-1981(03)00062-3. PMID 12782149.
• Thiboutot D, Jabara S, McAllister JM, Sivarajah A, Gilliland K, Cong Z, Clawson G (Jun 2003). "Human skin is a steroidogenic tissue: steroidogenic enzymes and cofactors are expressed in epidermis, normal sebocytes, and an immortalized sebocyte cell line (SEB-1)". The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 120 (6): 905–14. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12244.x. PMID 12787114.
• Kimura K, Wakamatsu A, Suzuki Y, Ota T, Nishikawa T, Yamashita R, Yamamoto J, Sekine M, Tsuritani K, Wakaguri H, Ishii S, Sugiyama T, Saito K, Isono Y, Irie R, Kushida N, Yoneyama T, Otsuka R, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Kondo H, Wagatsuma M, Murakawa K, Ishida S, Ishibashi T, Takahashi-Fujii A, Tanase T, Nagai K, Kikuchi H, Nakai K, Isogai T, Sugano S (Jan 2006). "Diversification of transcriptional modulation: large-scale identification and characterization of putative alternative promoters of human genes". Genome Research. 16 (1): 55–65. doi:10.1101/gr.4039406. PMC 1356129. PMID 16344560.