Afonso V of Portugal

Afonso V
King of Portugal and the Algarves
Reign	13 September 1438 – 28 August 1481[lower-alpha 1]
Acclamation	15 January 1446
Predecessor	Edward
Successor	John II
Regents	Eleanor of Aragon (1438–1439) Infante Peter, Duke of Coimbra (1439–1448)
Born	15 January 1432 Sintra Palace, Portugal
Died	28 August 1481 (aged 49) Lisbon, Portugal
Burial	Monastery of Batalha
Consorts	Isabella of Coimbra (m. 1450; d. 1455) Joanna La Beltraneja (m. 1475)
Issue	John, Prince of Portugal Joan, Princess of Portugal John II
Dynasty	Aviz
Father	Edward of Portugal
Mother	Eleanor of Aragon
Religion	Roman Catholicism
Signature

Afonso V^[1] (Portuguese pronunciation: [ɐˈfõsu]) KG (15 January 1432 – 28 August 1481), called the African (Portuguese: o Africano), was King of Portugal and the Algarves. His sobriquet refers to his conquests in Northern Africa. As of 1471, Afonso V was the first king of Portugal to claim dominion over a plural "Kingdom of the Algarves," instead of the singular "Kingdom of the Algarve." Territories added to the Portuguese crown lands in North Africa during the 15th century came to be referred to as possessions of the Kingdom of the Algarve (now a region of southern Portugal), not the Kingdom of Portugal. The "Algarves" then were considered to be the southern Portuguese territories on both sides of the Strait of Gibraltar.

Early life

Afonse V of Portugal

Afonso was born in Sintra, the eldest son of King Edward of Portugal by his wife Eleanor of Aragon. Afonso V was only six years old when he succeeded his father in 1438.^[2]

During his minority, Afonso V was placed under the regency of his mother^[3] in accordance with a will of his late father. As both a foreigner and a woman, the queen was not a popular choice for regent. Opposition rose and without any important ally among the Portuguese aristocracy other than Afonso, Count of Barcelos, the illegitimate half brother of King Edward, the queen's position was untenable. In 1439, the Portuguese Cortes (assembly of the kingdom) decided to replace the queen with Peter, Duke of Coimbra (Dom Pedro),^[3] the young king's oldest uncle.^[2]

Peter's main policies were concerned with restricting the political power of the great noble houses and expanding the powers of the crown. The country prospered under his rule, but not peacefully, as his laws interfered with the ambition of powerful nobles. The count of Barcelos, a personal enemy of the Duke of Coimbra (despite being half-brothers) eventually became the king's favourite uncle and began a constant struggle for power. In 1442, the king made Afonso the first Duke of Braganza. With this title and its lands, he became the most powerful man in Portugal and one of the richest men in Europe. To secure his position as regent, Peter had Afonso marry his daughter, Isabella of Coimbra, in 1445.^[2]

But on 9 June 1448, when the king came of age, Peter had to surrender his power to Afonso V. The years of conspiracy by the Duke of Braganza finally came to a head. On 15 September of the same year, Afonso V nullified all the laws and edicts approved under the regency. In the following year, led by what were later discovered to be false accusations, Afonso declared Peter a rebel and defeated his army in the Battle of Alfarrobeira, in which his uncle (and father-in-law) was killed.^[3] After this battle and the loss of one of Portugal's most remarkable infantes, the Duke of Braganza became the de facto ruler of the country.

Invasion of Morocco

Contemporary portrait of Afonso V of Portugal, as depicted in the Itinerarium of Georg von Ehingen (printed 1600, Augsburg, but based on earlier image c.1470)

Afonso V then turned his attentions to North Africa. In the reign of his grandfather John I, Ceuta had been conquered from the king of Morocco, and now the new king wanted to expand the conquests. The king's army conquered Alcácer Ceguer in 1458 and Arzila in 1471. Tangiers, on the other hand, was won and lost several times between 1460 and 1464. These achievements granted the king the nickname of the African or Africano.^[3] The king also supported the exploration of the Atlantic Ocean led by prince Henry the Navigator but after Henry's death in 1460, he did nothing to continue Henry's work. Administratively, Afonso V was a passive king. He chose not to pursue the revision of laws or development of commerce, preferring instead to preserve the legacy of his father Edward and grandfather John I.

In 1452, Pope Nicholas V issued the papal bull Dum Diversas, which granted Afonso V the right to reduce "Saracens, pagans and any other unbelievers" to hereditary slavery. This was reaffirmed and extended in the Romanus Pontifex bull of 1455 (also by Nicholas V). These papal bulls came to be seen by some as a justification for the subsequent era of slave trade and European colonialism.

A copy of the Fra Mauro map was made under a commission by Afonso V in 1457. Finished on April 24, 1459, it was sent to Portugal with a letter to Prince Henry the Navigator, Afonso's uncle, encouraging further funding of exploration trips. Although the copy has been lost, the Andrea Bianco original is preserved at the Biblioteca Marciana (Venice).

When the campaigns in Africa were over, Afonso V found new grounds for battle in neighbouring Castile. In 1474, King Henry IV of Castile died without a male heir. From his two marriages, only a daughter, Joanna of Castile, had been born. But her paternity was questioned; it was rumoured that the queen, Joan of Portugal, had an affair with a nobleman named Beltrán de La Cueva. The birth of princess Joanna in 1462, openly called La Beltraneja, caused the separation of her parents. She was never considered legitimate and, when the king was dying, no one took her as a serious contender for the crown. Her father's half-sister, the future Queen Isabella I of Castile, was due to inherit the crown, but Afonso V was persuaded to intervene in the succession. In 1475, he married his niece Joanna, whom he considered the legitimate heir to the crown. He proclaimed himself King of Castile and León and prepared to defend his wife's rights. After the indecisive^[4] Battle of Toro in 1476 against King Ferdinand II of Aragon, the husband of Isabella I of Castile, Afonso went to France to obtain the assistance of King Louis XI, but finding himself deceived by the French monarch, he returned to Portugal in 1477. Disillusioned, he abdicated for a few days in November 1477 in favour of his son, John II. After returning to the throne, he retired to a monastery in Sintra, where he died in 1481.^[3]

Marriages and descendants

Afonso was first married to his cousin Isabella of Coimbra in 1447. Isabella died in 1455. Afonso married again in 1475, this time to Joanna of Castile (known as "La Beltraneja"), daughter of Henry IV of Castile and Joan of Portugal. This marriage was an attempt to inherit the throne of Castile as Joan was the sole daughter of Henry IV. Afonso's attempts to take over the throne of Castile were not successful after he lost a short war with Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon.

Name	Birth	Death	Notes
By Isabel of Coimbra (1432 – 2 December 1455; married on 6 May 1447)
Infante João (John)	29 January 1451	1451	Prince of Portugal (1451).
Infanta Joana (Joan)	6 February 1452	12 May 1490	Princess of Portugal (1452–1455). Known as Saint Joan of Portugal or Saint Joan Princess. Beatified in 1693 by Pope Innocent XII
Infante João (John)	3 March 1455	25 October 1495	Who succeeded him as John, 13th King of Portugal.
By Joanna of Castile (1462–1530; married on 30 May 1475)
By Maria Soares da Cunha (before 1446–?) Daughter of Fernão de Sá Alcoforado, major valet to King Duarte and King Afonso V, and Filipa da Cunha
Álvaro Soares da Cunha	c. 1466	1557	Natural son. Guarda-Mor de Peste (Major Guard of Pestilence) within the City of Porto, Lord of the House of Quintas, São Vicente de Pinheiro, Penafiel, Porto, Portugal, and Gentleman of the Royal House. First Married Maria Machado and second to Inês da Mota, with offspring.

Ancestry

Ancestors of Afonso V of Portugal

16. Afonso IV of Portugal               8. Peter I of Portugal                       17. Beatrice of Castile               4. John I of Portugal                             18. Lourenço Martins               9. Teresa Lourenço                       19. Sancha Martins               2. Edward I of Portugal                                   20. Edward III of England               10. John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster                       21. Philippa of Hainault               5. Philippa of Lancaster                             22. Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster               11. Blanche of Lancaster                       23. Isabel de Beaumont               1. Afonso V of Portugal                                         24. Henry II of Castile               12. John I of Castile                       25. Juana Manuel of Castile               6. Ferdinand I of Aragon                             26. Peter IV of Aragon               13. Eleanor of Aragon                       27. Eleanor of Sicily               3. Eleanor of Aragon                                   28. Alfonso XI of Castile               14. Sancho Alfonso, 1st Count of Alburquerque                       29. Eleanor of Guzman               7. Eleanor of Alburquerque                             30. Peter I of Portugal               15. Infanta Beatrix of Portugal                       31. Inês de Castro

Notes

1. He abdicated in 11 November 1477, but was reinstated by request of his son 4 days later.

1. Rendered as Affonso in Archaic Portuguese
2. Livermore, H.V., "Afonso V", Medieval Iberia, E. Michael Gerli, and Samuel G. Armistead ed., Taylor & Francis, 2003 ISBN 9780415939188
3.  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Alphonso". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
4. British historian Townsend Miller: “But, if the outcome of [the battle of] Toro, militarily, is debatable, there is no doubt whatsoever as to its enormous psychological and political effects” in The battle of Toro, 1476, in History Today, volume 14, 1964, p.270

References

• MILLER, Townsend- The battle of Toro, 1476, in History Today, volume 14, 1964.