Ailanthus triphysa

Ailanthus triphysa
Ailanthus triphysa
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Rosids
Order: Sapindales
Family: Simaroubaceae
Genus: Ailanthus
Species: A. altissima
Binomial name
Ailanthus triphysa
(Dennst.) Alston.
Synonyms[1]
  • Adenanthera triphysa Dennst.
  • Ailanthus malabarica DC.

Ailanthus triphysa (also Ailanthus malabarica) is a medium to tall evergreen rainforest tree in Asia and Australia. The wood may be used for matchwood and plywood. The tree is known as halmaddi in India, where its resin, also called halmaddi, may be used in incense. Inappropriate extraction methods were resulting in trees dying, so by the 1990s the Indian forestry department had banned extraction.

Common names in Australia include white bean and ferntop ash.

Distribution

It occurs in India, Sri Lanka, China, Malaysia, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Philippines, Indonesia and Vietnam. In Australia, Ailanthus triphysa occurs in Western Australia,[2] Queensland and as far south as the Clarence River (New South Wales).

Description

A medium to tall evergreen tree to 30 m and diameter of 1.2 m.[3] The trunk is not buttressed, but rather straight and cylindrical. The bark is grey, somewhat rough and resembling sandpaper to the touch. Leaves are pinnate, curved and sickle shaped drawn out to a point. Particularly oblique at the base. Venation is prominent, the net veins more obvious under the leaf. Flowers are creamy green, flowering in November to January in Australia. The fruit is a samara, often forming in threes. Common names in Australia include white bean and ferntop ash.

Ailanthus triphysa leaves with larva of Eligma narcissus moth. Young larvae skeletonise leaflets, while older larvae are defoliators.[4]

Stem: Bark greyish, lenticellate; blaze yellow with red speckles.

Leaves: Leaf bearing twigs 1 cm or more in diameter. Stipules very small Leaflet blades falcate, about 5-12 x 0.9–2 cm, very unequal-sided particularly at the base. Lateral veins forming loops well inside the blade margin. Midrib raised in a depression on the upper surface of the leaflet blade. Numerous, closely spaced oil dots visible with a lens.

Flowers: These are polygamous with greenish yellow in color . Inflorescence axillary, branched panicle, about 10–20 cm long. Sepals are about 0.5-0.8 mm long. Petals are about 3.5-4.5 x 2 mm in dimensions, Stamen are about 3–4 mm long in male flowers, and carpels are 2-4mm usually 3mm long. Ovules 1 per carpel Flowering season in India are from the month of December to May. Fruit: Fruits green to greenish brown, papery in texture. Samaras about 5-6 x 1–2 cm. Main vascular bundle to the seed connected to an intramarginal vein on the samara.

Uses

The timber may be used for matchwood and plywood.[5] When the bark is cut, a sticky resin is exuded, which becomes brittle on drying; this resin may be used for medicinal purposes, and particularly, because of its aromatic nature, it may be burned as incense, either directly, or as an ingredient in incense sticks.[6] In India. the incense resin is named halmaddi, after the local name for the tree itself.[5] Due to crude extraction methods which resulted in trees dying, by the 1990s the Forest Department in India had banned resin extraction; this forced up the price of halmaddi, so its usage in incense making declined.[7][8]

The wood contain various alkaloids and quassinoids, including beta-carboline,[9] and has been used for the treatment of dyspepsia, bronchitis, ophthalmia and snake bite.[10]

References

  1. ↑ "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species". Retrieved July 7, 2014.
  2. ↑ "Ailanthus triphysa (Dennst.) Alston". FloraBase. Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife. P1 conservation status
  3. ↑ "AgroForestryTree Database".
  4. ↑ hkmoths.com
  5. 1 2 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (1969). Proceedings and Papers of the Technical Meeting. Natural monuments. p. 120. Retrieved 9 September 2013.
  6. ↑ "Factsheet - Ailanthus triphysa". keys.trin.org.au. 2010. Retrieved 9 September 2013.
  7. ↑ Devaki Jain (1991). Women's role in dynamic forest-based small scale enterprises. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. p. 27. Retrieved 9 September 2013.
  8. ↑ Myforest. Forest Department, Karnataka. 1992. p. 144. Retrieved 9 September 2013.
  9. ↑ Aono Hiroyuki; Kazuo Koike; Jun Kaneko; Taichi Ohmoto (1994). "Alkaloids and quassinoids from Ailanthus malabarica". Phytochemistry. 37 (2): 579–584. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(94)85104-2.
  10. ↑ M. F. Roberts (1991). "Ailanthus altissima (the Tree of Heaven): In Vitro Culture and the Formation of Alkaloids and Quassinoids". Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry. 15: 39–57. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-84071-5_3. Retrieved 15 September 2013.

Further reading

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