American Chess Congress

The American Chess Congress was a series of chess tournaments held in the United States, a predecessor to the current U.S. Chess Championship. It had nine editions, the first played in 1857 and the last in 1923.

American Chess Congresses
# Year City Winner
1 1857 New York  Paul Morphy (United States)
2 1871 Cleveland  George Henry Mackenzie (United States)
3 1874 Chicago  George Henry Mackenzie (United States)
4 1876 Philadelphia  James Mason (Ireland)
5 1880 New York  George Henry Mackenzie (United States)
6 1889 New York  Mikhail Chigorin (Russia)
 Max Weiss (Austria-Hungary)
7 1904 St. Louis  Frank James Marshall (United States)
8 1921 Atlantic City  Dawid Janowski (France)
9 1923 Lake Hopatcong  Frank James Marshall (United States)
 Abraham Kupchik (United States)

First American Chess Congress (1857)

The first American Chess Congress, organized by Daniel Willard Fiske and held in New York, October 6 to November 10, 1857, was won by Paul Morphy.[1] It was a knockout tournament in which draws did not count. The top sixteen American players were invited (William Allison, Samuel Robert Calthrop, Daniel Willard Fiske, William James Fuller, Hiram Kennicott, Hubert Knott, Theodor Lichtenhein, Napoleon Marache, Hardman Philips Montgomery, Alexander Beaufort Meek, Paul Morphy, Louis Paulsen, Frederick Perrin, Benjamin Raphael, Charles Henry Stanley, and James Thompson).[2][3] First prize was $300. Morphy refused any money, but accepted a silver service consisting of a pitcher, four goblets, and a tray. Morphy’s prize was given to him by Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.

Shown on the right is lithograph of the First American Chess Congress 1857. All members of the Congress are shown, including those who did not play in the main tournament. Top row: Colonel Charles Mead (chairman), George Hammond, Frederic Perrin, Daniel Willard Fiske, Hiram Kennicott, and Hardman Philips Montgomery. Left column: Hubert Knott, Louis Paulsen, and William Allison. Bottom row: Theodore Lichtenhein, James Thompson, Charles Henry Stanley, Alexander Beaufort Meek, Samuel Robert Calthrop, and Napoleon Marache. Right column: William James Fuller, Paul Morphy, and Benjamin Raphael.

First round   Quarterfinals   Semifinals   Final
                           
  Paul Morphy (USA) +3=0  
  James Thompson (ENG) +0=0       Paul Morphy (USA) +3=0  
  William James Appleton Fuller (USA) +2=0     Alexander Beaufort Meek (USA) +0=0  
  Alexander Beaufort Meek (USA) +3=0         Paul Morphy (USA) +3=1  
  Hubert Knott (USA) +2=2         Theodor Lichtenhein (GER) +0=1  
  Frederick Perrin (ENG) +3=2       Frederick Perrin (ENG) +0=0
  Theodor Lichtenhein (GER) +3=0     Theodor Lichtenhein (GER) +3=0  
  Charles Henry Stanley (ENG) +2=0         Paul Morphy (USA) +5=2
  Benjamin Raphael (USA) +3=1         Louis Paulsen (GER) +1=2
  Hiram Kennicott (USA) +2=1       Benjamin Raphael (USA) +3=2  
  Daniel Fiske (USA) +2=0     Napoleon Marache (FRA) +2=2  
  Napoleon Marache (FRA) +3=0         Benjamin Raphael (USA) +0=1   Third place
  Samuel Robert Calthrop (ENG) +0=0         Louis Paulsen (GER) +3=1  
  Louis Paulsen (GER) +3=0       Louis Paulsen (GER) +2=0     Theodor Lichtenhein (GER) +3=0
  William Allison (USA) +1=0     Hardman Philips Montgomery (USA) +0=0       Benjamin Raphael (USA) +0=0
  Hardman Philips Montgomery (USA) +3=0  

Second American Chess Congress (1871)

The second American Chess Congress was held in Cleveland on December 4–15, 1871 and won by George Henry Mackenzie. The first prize was $100 (~$1,500 today) and the total prize fund was $290 (~$5,000 today). The entry fee was $10 ($150 today). It was a double round robin tournament with a time limit of 12 moves an hour. Draw games were replayed. There were nine players (George Henry Mackenzie, Henry Hosmer, Frederick Elder, Max Judd, Preston Ware, Harsen Darwin Smith, Henry Harding, A. Johnston, and William Houghton). With the retirement of Morphy, this tournament was generally intended to recognize the best player in the United States.

Player 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total wins
1 George Henry Mackenzie (USA)xxxx1½0½101111111½1111114
2 Henry Hosmer (USA)0½1xxxx111½1000111111112
3 Frederick Elder (USA)½0100xxxx01½½011111111111
4 Max Judd (USA)000½010xxxx1110½11½111110
5 Preston Ware (USA)0011½½1000xxxx011011119
6 Harsen Darwin Smith (USA)0010000110xxxx1111119
7 Henry Harding (USA)0½00000½000100xxxx01114
8 A. Johnston (USA)000000½00000010xxxx113
9 William Houghton (USA)0000000000000000xxxx0

Third American Chess Congress (1874)

The third American Chess Congress was held in Chicago on July 7–16, 1874 and won by Mackenzie. There were eight players (Mackenzie, Hosmer, Judd, Bock, Elder, Perrin, Congdon, and Kennicott) and they had to pay a $20 entry fee. first place prize was $225. The tournament was again round robin, but for the first time draws were not replayed. The time control was 15 moves per hour. Elder and Kennicott withdraw before completing half their games, but their scores still counted.

# Player 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total wins
1 George Henry Mackenzie (USA)xx101½11--11111110½
2 Henry Hosmer (USA)01xx1011--11111110
3 Max Judd (USA)0½01xx1½--1111--7
4 Frederick Bock (USA) 00000½xx1½111½--5½
5 Frederick Elder (USA)------0½xx0111--3½
6 Frederick Perrin (USA)0000000010xx10--2
7 James Adams Congdon (USA)0000000½0001xx--1½
8 Hiram Kennicott (USA)0000----------xx0

Fourth American Chess Congress (1876)

The fourth American Chess Congress (called the American Centennial Championship) was held in Philadelphia on August 17–31, 1876 and won by James Mason. There were nine players (Mason, Judd, Davidson, Henry Bird, Elson, Roberts, Ware, Barbour, and Martinez). The entry fee was $20. First place was $300. Never intended to recognize the best player in America, this tournament was geared towards attracting foreign masters, and to awarding the Governor Garland Silver Cup, as well as celebrating the American Centennial.

Player 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total
1 James Mason (IRL)xx1½101½½11½11½1--10½
2 Max Judd (USA)0½xx00101½111111--9
3 Harry Davidson (USA)0111xx½00½½10111--8½
4 Henry Edward Bird (ENG)0½01½1xx0½11½1½1--8½
5 Jacob Elson (USA)½00½1½1½xx½½1011--8
6 Albert Roberts (USA)0½00½000½½xx1½11--5½
7 Preston Ware (USA)000010½0010½xx½½--4
8 L.D. Barbour (USA)½00000½00000½½xx--2
9 Dion Martinez (CUB)00--½½----------xx1

Fifth American Chess Congress (1880)

The fifth American Chess Congress was held in New York on January 6–26, 1880 and won by Mackenzie (he beat James Grundy on tiebreak, 2–0). There were 10 players: Cohnfeld, Congdon, Eugene Delmar, Grundy, Judd, Mackenzie, Mohle, Ryan, Sellman, and Ware.

Player 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total
1 George Henry Mackenzie (USA)xx0½10½½½11111111½1113½
2 James Grundy (USA)1½xx½½101½111½01111113½
3 Charles Moehle (USA)01½½xx0½1½101111111113
4 Alexander Sellman (USA)½½011½xx101½110½111112½
5 Max Judd (USA)½00½0½01xx½11111011111
6 Eugene Delmar (USA)0000010½½0xx1111½1119½
7 John Ryan (USA)000½00000000xx1101115½
8 Preston Ware (USA)0010001½000000xx½11½5½
9 James Adams Congdon (USA)½000000010½0010½xx00 3½
10 Albert Cohnfeld (USA)000000000000000½11xx2½

Sixth American Chess Congress (1889)

The sixth American Chess Congress was held in New York in 1889 (a 20-man double round-robin tournament; one of the longest tournaments in history). The event was won by Mikhail Chigorin and Max Weiss. Both finished with a score of 29 but Chigorin defeated Weiss in their individual game. The top American finisher was S. Lipschütz, who took sixth place (his supporters in the Eastern US, tried to push his claim to being US Champion as a result of this tournament; however, Lipschütz's claim was not accepted by all). Under rules that reigning World Champion Wilhelm Steinitz helped to develop, the winner was to be regarded as World Champion for the time being, but must be prepared to face a challenge from the second- or third-placed competitor within a month.[4] Mikhail Chigorin and Max Weiss tied for first, and remained tied after drawing all four games of a playoff. Weiss was not interested in playing a championship match, but Isidor Gunsberg, the third-place finisher, exercised his right and challenged Chigorin to a World Championship match. In 1890, he drew a first-to-10-wins match against Chigorin (9-9 with five draws). These were the same terms (9-9 draw clause) as the first World Championship match between Steinitz and Zukertort in 1886. Incidentally, they were also the same match terms that Bobby Fischer would insist on for his title defense in 1975.

Player 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Total
1 Mikhail Chigorin (RUS)xx½100½11110001101½11111½11110111111111129
2 Max Weiss (HUN)½0xx½110½½½11½11111110½½½1101111½111111129
3 Isidor Gunsberg (ENG)½011xx01½0½01½101111½111011101111111111128½
4 Joseph Henry Blackburne (ENG)01½010xx01101001111011111111111011½1111027
5 Amos Burn (ENG)½½00½110xx1½001111101111010011011111111126
6 S. Lipschütz (USA)½001½1010½xx½10011½110½0½11111111011111125½
7 James Mason (IRE)0½110½0111½0xx½00011½0100101½11½½1½½111122
8 Max Judd (USA)000001100011½1xx101101001100½1½010½1111120
9 Eugene Delmar (USA)0010000000001101xx½010110½1001111011110118
10 Jackson Showalter (USA)00½0000101½00000½1xx½110101011½001½1111118
11 William Pollock (ENG)0100½0000001½11001½0xx01½1½101110000111117½
12 Henry Bird (ENG)½½00000000½10111000110xx½011½1110010½01117
13 Jean Taubenhaus (FRA)½0½0100010½010001½01½0½1xx01000½½110111117
14 David Graham Baird (USA)01000000110010110101½00010xx1000011110½116
15 Constant Ferdinand Burille (USA)000110000000½0½0100010½01101xx½11½00½11115
16 James Moore Hanham (USA)0000000110000½½100½100001½11½0xx10010½1114
17 George H. D. Gossip (ENG)00½000000001½00101101111½0100½01xx001½0013½
18 Dion Martinez (CUB)000000½00000½½½000½011010100111011xx010113½
19 John Washington Baird (USA)0000000000000000000000½10001½01½0½10xx107
20 Nicholas MacLeod (CAN)00000001000000001000000000½00000111001xx6½

Seventh American Chess Congress (1904)

Group photo from the 1904 tournament

The seventh American Chess Congress was held in St. Louis in 1904. With US Champion Harry Nelson Pillsbury ill and dying, Max Judd tried to arrange the seventh ACC, with the stipulation that the US title be awarded to the winner. Judd disputed Pillsbury's ownership of the title by challenging the legitimacy of the whole succession since the time of Mackenzie, disputing Lipschutz's claim to have acquired the title at New York 1889, and everything that had happened since then. Pillsbury, from bed objected to Judd's plans, and prevailed on his friend, the lawyer Walter Penn Shipley, to intercede. Judd's tournament was held anyway, and said to be for "The United States Tourney Championship", a title explicitly said to have no relation to the United States Championship title held by Pillsbury. The tournament was won by Frank James Marshall, ahead of Judd. There were 10 players: Louis Eisenberg, Charles Jaffe, Judd, Kemeny, Marshall, Stasch Mlotkowski, Edward F. Schrader, Eugene Wesley Schrader, Schwietzer, and Louis Uedemann. The winner was actually named U.S. Champion at the conclusion of this tournament.

Player 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Total
1 Frank James Marshall (USA) x 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ½ 1 8½
2 Max Judd (USA) 0 x 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7
3 Louis Uedemann (USA) 0 1 x 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 6
4 Emil Kemény (USA) 0 0 0 x 1 1 1 0 1 1 5
5 Edward F. Schrader (USA) 0 0 0 0 x ½ 1 1 1 1 4½
6 Louis Eisenberg (USA) 0 0 0 0 ½ x 1 1 1 1 4½
7 Charles Jaffe (USA) 0 0 1 0 0 0 x 1 1 1 4
8 George Schwietzer (USA) 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 x 0 1 3
9 Stasch Mlotkowski (USA) ½ 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 x 1 2½
10 Eugene W. Schrader (USA) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x 0

Eighth American Chess Congress (1921)

The eighth American Chess Congress was held in Atlantic City in 1921. The event was won by Dawid Janowski, followed by Norman Whitaker, Jaffe, etc. There were 12 players: Samuel Factor, Hago, Harvey, Jackson, Jaffe, Janowski, Marshall, Mlotkowski, Sharp, Vladimir Sournin, Isador Turover, and Whitaker.[5][6]

Player 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 Total
1 Dawid Janowski (FRA)x01½½1½1 1 11 1 8½
2 Norman Tweed Whitaker (USA)1x011101 01 118
3 Charles Jaffe (USA)01x11001 1 0 1 1 7
4 Martin D. Hago (USA)½ 0 0 x½ ½ 1 ½ 1 ½ 1 1 6½
5 Samuel Factor (USA) ½ 0 0 ½ x½ 01 ½ 1 1 6
6 Frank James Marshall (USA)0 01 ½ ½ x1 0 ½ ½ 1 1 6
7 Vladimir Sournin (USA)½ 11 0 1 0 x0 ½ ½ 1 ½ 6
8 Sydney T. Sharp (USA)00 0½ 0 1 1 x½½ 1 15½
9 Isador Samuel Turover (USA)0 10 0 ½ ½ ½ ½x11 ½ 5½
10 Stasch Mlotkowski (USA) 001½ 0½ ½ ½ 0 x1 1 5
11 J. B. Harvey (USA)0 0 00 00 0 0 0 0 x11
12 Edward Schuyler Jackson (USA)0 0 0 00 0½ 0 ½ 0 0 x1

Ninth American Chess Congress (1923)

The ninth and last American Chess Congress was held in Hotel Alamac in Lake Hopatcong, New Jersey on August 6–21, 1923. The tournament was played between 14 players: Horace Bigelow, Roy Turnbull Black, Oscar Chajes, Albert Hodges, Dawid Janowski, Abraham Kupchik, Edward Lasker, Frank James Marshall, John Stuart Morrison, Marvin Palmer, Anthony Santasiere, Morris Schapiro, Vladimir Sournin, and Oscar Tenner. It ended with a tie between Marshall and Kupchik scoring 10½ out of 13.[7][8][9]

Player 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 Total
1 Frank James Marshall (USA)x1½ 1 ½ 1 1 1 1 ½ ½ 1 ½ 1 10½
2 Abraham Kupchik (USA)0x1 0 1 ½11 11 11 1 1 10½
3 Dawid Janowski (FRA)½ 0 x1 ½ ½ 1 1 1 1 1 1 ½ 1 10
4 Edward Lasker (USA)0 1 0 x½ 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 ½ 1 9
5 Morris Schapiro (USA)½ 0 ½ ½ x1 0½ 1 ½ 11 1 1 8½
6 Roy Turnbull Black (USA)0 ½ ½ 0 0 x1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 7
7 Oscar Chajes (USA)0 0 0 0 ½ 1 x0 1 1 0 1 1 1 6½
8 Oscar Tenner (USA)0 0 0 0 1 0 1 x½ 1 1 0 1 1 6½
9 Vladimir Sournin (USA)0 0 0 1 0 0 ½ 0 x1 1 1 ½ ½ 5½
10 John Stuart Morrison (CAN)½ 0 0 0 ½ 1 0 0 0 x½ ½ 1 1 5
11 Albert Hodges (USA)½ 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 ½ x½ 1 ½ 4
12 Marvin Palmer (USA)0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 ½ ½ x1 0 3
13 Anthony Santasiere (USA)½ 0 ½ ½ 00 0 0 ½ 0 0 0 x ½ 2½
14 Horace Bigelow (USA)0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ½ 0 ½ 1 ½ x 2½

See also

References

  1. ↑ American Chess Congress - Chess.com
  2. ↑ newyork1857.doc
  3. ↑ First American Chess Congress Opponents
  4. ↑ Thulin, A. (August 2007). "Steinitz—Chigorin, Havana 1899 - A World Championship Match or Not?" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-30. Based on Landsberger, K. (2002), The Steinitz Papers: Letters and Documents of the First World Chess Champion, McFarland, ISBN 0-7864-1193-7, retrieved 2008-11-19
  5. ↑ The Frank James Marshall Electronic Archive and Museum: Tournament and Match Record
  6. ↑ http://www.rogerpaige.webspace.virginmedia.com/tables1921.htm
  7. ↑ "Captain Vladimir Sournin: A Russian Chess Player's Exploits in America" by Olimpiu G. Urcan
  8. ↑ "Sport: Chess Champs". Time. September 3, 1923. Retrieved April 23, 2010.
  9. ↑ Lake Hopatcong, 1923

Further reading

This book was reprinted as Daniel W. Fiske. (1985), 1st American Chess Congress New York 1857, Edition Olms, ISBN 3-283-00085-9 
These three books were reprinted in one volume as The second, third and fourth American Chess Congress, Cleveland 1871, Chicago 1874, Philadelphia 1876., Edition Olms, 1985, ISBN 3-283-00089-1 
This book was reprinted as Charles A. Gilberg. (1986), The Fifth American Chess Congress New York 1880, Edition Olms, ISBN 3-283-00090-5 
This book was reprinted as: Wilhelm Steinitz ; with a foreword by Christiaan M. Bijl. (1982), The book of the Sixth American Chess Congress, Edition Olms, ISBN 3-283-00152-9 
It was recently reprinted as: Wilhelm Steinitz ; Introduction by Sam Sloan (1982), Sixth American Chess Congress, New York 1889, Ishi Press, ISBN 978-4-87187-847-0 
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