Arrian

For others with this name, see Arrianus (disambiguation).
Arrian
Lucius Flavius Arrianus

Bust of Arrian
Born c. 86
Nicomedia, Bithynia, Anatolia
Died c. 160[1]
Athens
Occupation Historian, public servant, military commander and philosopher

Arrian of Nicomedia (c. 86/89 – c. after 146/160 AD;[2][3] /ˈæriən/; Latin: Lucius Flavius Arrianus, possibly Lucius Flavius Arrianus Xenophon;[4] Greek Ἀρριανός Arrianos) was a Greek historian, public servant, military commander and philosopher of the Roman period.[3]

The Anabasis of Alexander by Arrian is considered the best source on the campaigns of Alexander the Great.

Arrian's life

Arrian was born in Nicomedia (present-day İzmit), the provincial capital of Bithynia, Dio called him Flavius Arrianus Nicomediansis. In respect of his birth date, sources provide similar dates for his birth; within a few years prior to 90, 89, and 85–90 AD. The line of reasoning for dates belonging to 85-90 AD is from the fact of Arrian being made a consul around 130 AD, and the usual age for this, during this period, being forty-two years of age. (ref. p. 312, & SYME 1958, same page).His family was from the provincial aristocracy of Greek stock, and his full name, L. Flavius Arrianus, indicates that he was a Roman citizen, suggesting that the citizenship went back several generations, probably to the time of the Roman conquest some 170 years before.[3][5][6][7][8][9][10]

Sometime during the 2nd century AD (117 to 120 AD) while in Epirus, probably Nicopolis, Arrian attended lectures of Epictetus of Nicopolis, and proceeded within a time to fall into pupillage of him, a fact attested to by Lucian. All that is known about the life of Epictetus is due to Arrian, in that Arrian left a Encheiridion (Handbook) of Epictetus' philosophy. After Epirus he went to Athens, while there he became known as the young Xenophon, as a consequence of the similarity of his relation to Epictetus as Xenophon had to Socrates.[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]

For a period, some time about 126 AD, a friend of the emperor Hadrian, who appointed him to the Senate. First consul suffectus, during 132 AD (Howatson shows 131) he was made prefect or legate (governor) of Cappadocia,by Hadrian, a service he continued for a six-year duration. When he retired, Arrian went to live in Athens, where he became archon sometime during 145 or 146 (EJ chinnock shows, he retired to Nicomedia and was appointed priest to Demeter and Persephone while there). He died in the reign of Emperor Marcus Aurelius.[11][14][18][19][19][20][21][22][23]

Arrian referred to himself as the second Xenophon, on account of the reputation and esteem of him. Lucian stated him to be:[15][24]

a Roman of the first rank with a life-long attachment to learning
— quote of Lucian in P. E. Easterling, B. M. W. Knox, p.143

Τhis quality is identified as paideia (παιδεία) which is the quality considered to be of one who is known as an educated and learned personage, i.e., one who is highly esteemed and important.[15][25][26][27][28][29]

Works

There are eight extant works (cf. Syvänne, footnote of p. 260). The Indica and the Anabasis are the only works completely extant. The entire remaining are known as FGrH 156 to designate those collected fragments which exist.[11][22][30][31]

Periplus of the Euxine Sea

This work is the earliest extant that is dated with any confidence. It is a writing addressed to the Emperor, Hadrian.[32][33][34]

Discourses of Epictetus and Encheiridion of Epictetus

Arrian was a pupil of Epictetus around 108 AD, and, according to his own account, he was moved to publish his notes of Epictetus' lectures, which are known as Discourses of Epictetus, by their unauthorized dissemination.[12][35] According to George Long, Arrian noted from Epictetus' lectures for his private use and some time later made of these, the Discourses. Photius states that Arrian produced two books the Dissertations and the Discourses. The Discourses are also known as Diatribai and are apparently a verbatim recording of Epictetus' lectures.[19][36][37]

The Encheiridion is a short compendium of all Epictetus' philosophical principles. It is also known as a handbook, and A Mehl considers the Encheiridion to have been a vade mecum for Arrian. The Encheiridion is apparently a summary of the Discourses.[5][13][22][38][19]

JB Stockdale considered that Arrian wrote eight books of which four were lost by the Middle Ages and the remaining ones became the Discourses. In a comparison of the contents of the Encheiridion with the Discourses, it is apparent that the former contains material not present within the latter, suggesting an original lost source for the Encheiridion.[12][39][40]

Homiliai Epiktetou

Friendly conversations with Epictetus (Homiliai Epiktetou) is a 12 book work mentioned by Photius in his Bibliotheca, of which only fragments remain.[14][17]

Anabasis of Alexander

The work comprises seven books.[14] Arrian used Xenophon' account of the March of Cyrus as the basis for this work.[41]

Ta met' Alexandron

History of the Diadochi or Events after Alexander is a work originally of ten books, a commentary on this work was written by Photius (FW Walbank, p. 8).[22][42][2][43]

Three extant fragments are the Vatican Palimsest (of the 10th century AD), PSI 12.1284 (Oxyrhynchus), and the Gothenburg palimpsest (of the 10th century also), these possibly stemming originally from Photius.[2][2][2][14][44]

The writing is about the successors to Alexander III, circa 323 – 321 or 319, particularly certain events concerning the Achaemenid.[14][19][45]

Parthica

A lost work of seventeen books, fragments were maintained by the Suda and Stephen of Byzantium. The work survives only in states of adaptation made later by Photius and Syncellus. Translated, the title is History of the Parthians. Arrian's aim in the work, was to set forth events of the Parthian war of Trajan. The writing mentioned the Parthians trace their clan to Artaxerxes II.[46][23][45][47][48]

Bithyniaca

A work of eight books, Bibliotheca (via Photius) states it is the fourth to have been written by Arrian.[23][49]

Nicomediensis Scripta minora

A work translated a Nicodemian script (minor).[50][51]

Indica

Indica is a work on a variety of things pertaining to India, and the voyage of Nearchus in the Persian Gulf. The first part of Indica was based largely on the work of the same name of Megasthenes, the second part based on a journal written by Nearchos.[52][53][54][18]

Techne Taktike

Written 136/137 AD (in the 20th year of Hadrian[32]), it is a treatise on Roman cavalry and military tactics, and includes information on the nature, arms and discipline of the phalanx. The hippika gymnasia is particularly a concern of Arrian in the writing.[23][55][56][57][58][59][60][61]

Another translation of the title is Ars tactica, in Greek is Τέχνη τακτική.[62][63]

This work has generally been considered to be in large part a panegyric to Hadrian, written for the occasion of his vicenallia, although some scholars have argued that its second half may have had practical use.[64][65]

Kynēgetikos

Cynegeticus (Κυνηγετικός), translated as the hunting man,[19] is a work about hunting dogs, canes venatici, the Celtic grey-hound.[66][20][67][68][69][70][71]

The work is based on an earlier exposition made by Xenophon, whom Arrian thought to be the authority on the subject of hunting.[72][73]

Ektaxis kata Alanon

Ektaxis kata Alanon (Ἔκταξις κατὰ Ἀλανῶν) is a work of a now fragmentary nature; the title is translated as Deployment against the Alani or The order of battle against the Alans or referred to simply as Alanica. It is thought not have been written as a presentation of facts but for literary reasons. Pertaining to the relevant historical fact though, while governor of Cappadocia Arrian had to command the repelling of an invasion of the Alani, sometime during 135 AD, a struggle in which Arrian' two legions were victorious.[74][75][21][53][76][77][78][79]

Arrian identified the particular means, he makes explicit, of pursuing warfare, as being based on Greek and Macedonian methods, within the work.[80][81][82]

Ektaxis kata Alanon is also translated as Acies contra Alanos. The work was known for a time as A History of the Alani (Alanike via Photius[53]) a fragment describing a plan of battle contra the Alani was found in Milan c. 17th century which was thought at that time to belong to the History.[83]

Arrian identified the particular means, he makes explicit, of pursuing warfare, as being based on Greek and Macedonian methods, within the work.[80][81][82]

Biographical series

Monographs or biographies, including of Dio of Syracuse, Timoleon of Corinth, and Tilliborus, brigand or robber of the Asia minor, which are now lost.[84][85][86][87][88]

Sources, transmission, translations and publications

Everything known of his life derives from the 9th century writing of Photius in his Bibliotheca, and from those few references which exist within Arrian's writings. The knowledge of the fact of his attaining consularship, is in the least as a result of literature produced by Suidas. Arnobius (c. 3rd century AD[89]) mentions Arrian. Arrian was also known of by Aulus Gellius. Pliny the Younger addressed seven of his epistles to him. Simplicius made a copy of the Encheridion, which was transmitted under the name of the monastic father Nilus, during the 5th century, and as a result found in every monastery library.[14][90][5][91][12][92]

Nicholas Blancard made translations of Arrian during 1663 and 1668.[93]

The voyage of Nearchus and Periplus of the Erythrean Sea were translated from the Greek by the then Dean of Westminster, William Vincent, and published 1809. Vincent published a commentary in 1797 on The voyage of Nearchus.The work was also translated into French by M.Billecocq, under the auspices of the government (c.f., p. 321).[94]

References

  1. ↑ "Arrian". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2010-01-07. Arrian born c. AD 86, Nicomedia, Bithynia [now İzmit, Tur.] died c. AD 160, Athens? [Greece].
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 FW Walbank (November 1984). F. W. Walbank, ed. The Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge University Press, 6 Sep 1984. ISBN 0-521-23445-X. Retrieved 2015-04-01.
  3. 1 2 3 "Arrian". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2010-01-07. Arrian (born c. ad 86, Nicomedia, Bithynia [now İzmit, Tur.] died c. 160, Athens? [Greece]) Greek historian and philosopher who was one of the most distinguished authors of the 2nd-century Roman Empire. Wolfgang Haase; Hildegard Temporini (1990). Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt: Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der neueren Forschung, Volume 2;Volume 34. Walter de Gruyter. p. 228. ISBN 3-11-010376-1. Arrian was of Greek stock, from the provincial aristocracy of Bithynia. His full name, L. Flavius Arrianus, demonstrates that he was a Roman citizen and suggests that the citizenship went back several generations, probably to the triumphal period. Arrian’s home city was the Bithynian capital, Nicomedia, where he held the priesthood of Demeter and Kore, its patron deities. Arrian; Sélincourt, Aubrey De (1971). The campaigns of Alexander. Penguin Classics. p. 13. ISBN 0-14-044253-7. Flavius Arrianus Xenophon, to give him his full name, was a Greek, born at Nicomedia, the capital of the Roman province of Bithynia, probably a few years before A.D. 90. Grant, Michael (1992). Readings in the classical historians. Scribner's. p. 544. ISBN 0-684-19245-4. ARRIAN: GREEK HISTORIAN Arrian was an approximate contemporary of Appian, born about AD 95. Like him a Greek, he came from Nicomedia (İzmit) in Bithynia (north-western Asia-Minor) where his family was prominent.
  4. ↑ Stadter, Philip (1967). "Flavius Arrianus: The New Xenophon". Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies. Retrieved April 14, 2016.
  5. 1 2 3 Le Clerc, Jean, Rooke, John. Arrian's History of Alexander's expedition. Translated from the Greek. With notes historical, geographical, and critical. By Mr. Rooke. To which is prefix'd, Mr. Le Clerc's Criticism upon Quintus Curtius. And some remarks upon Mr. Perizonius's vindication of the author. London, Printed for T. Worrall etc., etc. 1729. Retrieved 2015-04-06.
  6. ↑ N. G. L. Hammond (2007-08-13). Sources for Alexander the Great: An Analysis of Plutarch's 'Life' and Arrian's 'Anabasis Alexandrou'. Cambridge University Press, 13 Aug 2007. ISBN 0-521-71471-0. Retrieved 2015-04-04.
  7. ↑ EL Bowie (January 2002). PA Stadter; L. Van der Stockt, eds. Sage and Emperor: Plutarch, Greek Intellectuals, and Roman Power in the Time of Trajan (98-117 A.D.). Leuven University Press, 1 Jan 2002. ISBN 9058672395. Retrieved 2015-04-04.
  8. ↑ AM Devine – Oxford (H Temporini, W Haase, J Vogt) - (1993). Aufstieg U Niedergang D Roemwelt Teil 2 Bd 34/1, Volume 2; Volume 31; Volume 34. Walter de Gruyter, 1993. ISBN 3-11-010376-1. Retrieved 2015-04-04.
  9. ↑ FP Polo, The Consul at Rome: The Civil Functions of the Consuls in the Roman Republic Cambridge University Press, 24 Feb 2011 ISBN 1-139-49599-2 [Retrieved 2015-04-04] (ed. used p.1-3 to identify nature of < consulship >)
  10. ↑ "Arrian". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2010-01-07. Arrian (born c. ad 86, Nicomedia, Bithynia [now İzmit, Tur.] died c. 160, Athens? [Greece]) Greek historian and philosopher who was one of the most distinguished authors of the 2nd-century Roman Empire.Wolfgang Haase; Hildegard Temporini (1990). Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt: Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der neueren Forschung, Volume 2;Volume 34. Walter de Gruyter. p. 228. ISBN 3-11-010376-1. Arrian was of Greek stock, from the provincial aristocracy of Bithynia. His full name, L. Flavius Arrianus, demonstrates that he was a Roman citizen and suggests that the citizenship went back several generations, probably to the triumphal period. Arrian’s home city was the Bithynian capital, Nicomedia, where he held the priesthood of Demeter and Kore, its patron deities.Arrian; Sélincourt, Aubrey De (1971). The campaigns of Alexander. Penguin Classics. p. 13. ISBN 0-14-044253-7. Flavius Arrianus Xenophon, to give him his full name, was a Greek, born at Nicomedia, the capital of the Roman province of Bithynia, probably a few years before A.D. 90.Grant, Michael (1992). Readings in the classical historians. Scribner's. p. 544. ISBN 0-684-19245-4. ARRIAN: GREEK HISTORIAN Arrian was an approximate contemporary of Appian, born about AD 95. Like him a Greek, he came from Nicomedia in Bithynia (north-western Asia-Minor) where his family was prominent.
  11. 1 2 3 I Syvänne (2013-10-21). Philosophers of War: The Evolution of History's Greatest Military Thinkers [2 Volumes]: The Evolution of History's Greatest Military Thinkers. ABC-CLIO, 21 Oct 2013. ISBN 0-313-07033-4. Retrieved 2015-04-01.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Hans-Josef Klauck (2003-05-01). Religious Context of Early Christianity: A Guide To Graeco-Roman Religions (p.350). A&C Black, 1 May 2003 (reprint, revised). ISBN 0-567-08943-6. Retrieved 2015-04-06.
  13. 1 2 JS Romm (2005-03-11). Alexander The Great: Selections from Arrian, Diodorus, Plutarch, and Quintus Curtius (p.xix). Hackett Publishing, 11 Mar 2005. ISBN 1-60384-333-7. Retrieved 2015-04-08.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 EJ Chinnock. The Anabasis of Alexander or, The History of the Wars and Conquests of Alexander the Great. Hodder & Stoughton 1884 (Project Gutenberg – September 27, 2014). Retrieved 2015-04-03. (information was also retrieved during the 5th and 6th of April 2015)
  15. 1 2 3 P. E. Easterling; B. M. W. Knox (1989). The Cambridge History of Classical Literature: Volume 1, Greek Literature, Part 4, The Hellenistic Period and the Empire (p.143 - ). Cambridge University Press, 4 May 1989. ISBN 0-521-35984-8. Retrieved 2015-04-05.
  16. ↑ Oxford Dictionaries: attest, pupilage Oxford University Press [Retrieved 2015-04-05]
  17. 1 2 G Long, Epictetus (2010-01-01). Enchiridion and Selections from the Discourses of Epictetus, p.6. Digireads.com Publishing, 1 Jan 2010. ISBN 1-4209-3522-4. Retrieved 2015-04-03.
  18. 1 2 3 JW McCrindle (1816). The Invasion of India by Alexander the Great, p.9-10. Cosmo Publications, 1816 – original of google books from University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved 2015-04-03.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 M.C. Howatson. The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature (p.73). Oxford University Press, 22 Aug 2013 (reprint). ISBN 0-19-954855-2. (.... Encheiridion a summary of the Discourses)
  20. 1 2 AB Bosworth (2012-03-29). The Oxford Classical Dictionary – edited by S Hornblower, A Spawforth, E Eidinow. Oxford University Press, 29 Mar 2012. ISBN 0-19-954556-1. Retrieved 2015-04-02.
  21. 1 2 N Fields (2009-03-31). The Roman Army of the Principate 27 BC-AD 117 p.41-42. Osprey Publishing, 2009. ISBN 1-84603-386-1. Retrieved 2015-04-01.
  22. 1 2 3 4 A Mehl (2011-01-18). Roman Historiography. John Wiley & Sons, 18 Jan 2011. ISBN 1-4051-2183-1. Retrieved 2015-04-06. (ed. this the first source for < History of the Diadochi >)
  23. 1 2 3 4 A. B. Bosworth. Arrian's Literary Development The Classical Quarterly New Series, Vol. 22, No. 1 (May, 1972), pp. 163-185. Cambridge University Press. JSTOR 637903.
  24. ↑ Peter Beckford (... perhaps, the writing is slightly illegible) or a Country Squire — Essays on Hunting. Containing a philosophical enquiry into the nature and properties of the scent; observations on ... hounds ... also directions for the choice of a hunter, etc., extracted from “An Essay on Hunting, by a Country Squire,” published in 1733., With Six letters upon Hunting” by J. S. Gardiner., With an introduction by the editor, W. Blane, p.xvii Southampton T. Baker and others 1781 [Retrieved 2015-04-02] (ed. this source not the first source for ed. of this factor)
  25. ↑ S Swain (1996). Hellenism and Empire: Language, Classicism, and Power in the Greek World, AD (p.328ff.). Oxford University Press, 1996. ISBN 0-19-814772-4. Retrieved 2015-04-05.
  26. ↑ definitions of paideia — Merriam-Webster, University Press [Retrieved 2015-04-05]
  27. ↑ Werner Jaeger (translated by Gilbert Highet), Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture: II. In Search of the Divine Centre Volume 2 of Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture Oxford University Press, 23 Oct 1986 (reprint – 1st published 1943) ISBN 0-19-504047-3 [Retrieved 2015-04-05]
  28. ↑ Perseus Project: Latin Word Study Tool: paideia [Retrieved 2015-04-05]
  29. ↑ Oxford Dictionaries: personage Oxford University Press [Retrieved 2015-04-05]
  30. ↑ R Waterfield (2012-08-02). Dividing the Spoils: The War for Alexander the Great's Empire. Oxford University Press, 2 Aug 2012. ISBN 0-19-964700-3. Retrieved 2015-04-06.
  31. ↑ SB Ferrario was the first source for FGrH 156
  32. 1 2 EL Bowie (2013-01-11). Studies in Ancient Society (Routledge Revivals) p.191-192. Routledge, 11 Jan 2013. ISBN 1-136-50564-4. Retrieved 2015-04-02.
  33. ↑ Arrian's voyage round the Euxine Sea translated: and accompanied with a geographical dissertation, and maps J. Cook, 1805 [Retrieved 2015-3-31] (ed. 1st source)
  34. ↑ William Thomas Lowndes, The bibliographer's manual of English literature, containing an account of rare, curious, and useful books, publ. in or relating to Great Britain and Ireland 1857 [Retrieved 2015-3-31]
  35. ↑ EL Bowie, Sage and Emperor: Plutarch, Greek Intellectuals, and Roman Power in the Time of Trajan (98-117 A.D.) (p.48) Leuven University Press, 1 Jan 2002 (edited by PA Stadter, L. Van der Stockt), ISBN 9058672395 [Retrieved 2015-04-05]
  36. ↑ George Long, Arrian : The Discourses of Epictetus – Special Edition (p.vii) Special Edition Books, 2010 ISBN 1-934255-31-9 [Retrieved 2015-04-05]
  37. ↑ Nathaniel Lardner, The works of Nathaniel Lardner, D.D. with a life by Dr. Kippis ... W. Bal, 1838 [Retrieved 2015-04-05]
  38. ↑ Definitions of < vade mecum > Oxford University, Merriam-Webster [Retrieved 2015-04-05]
  39. ↑ Vice Admiral JB Stockdale, Courage Under Fire: Testing Epictetus's Doctrines in a Laboratory of Human Behavior Hoover Press, 1 Jan 1993 ISBN 0-8179-3692-0 [Retrieved 2015-04-05]
  40. ↑ KH Seddon – Epictetus Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy [Retrieved 2015-04-06]
  41. ↑ Encyclopædia Iranica Anabasis Archived May 17, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. [Retrieved 2015-04-06]
  42. ↑ G Hill. A History of Cyprus, Volume 1. Cambridge University Press, 23 Sep 2010. ISBN 1-108-02062-3. Retrieved 2015-04-06. (p.156 footnote 4 is the location of < Ta met' Alexandron >.
  43. ↑ SB Ferrario, Historical Agency and the 'Great Man' in Classical Greece (p.6 footnote 17) Cambridge University Press, 2 Oct 2014 ISBN 1-107-03734-4 [Retrieved 2015-04-05] (ed. this source used only for the addition of < Ta meta tou Alexandrou >)
  44. ↑ EM Anson. Alexander's Heirs: The Age of the Successors. John Wiley & Sons, 24 Apr 2014. ISBN 1-118-86240-6. Retrieved 2015-04-02.
  45. 1 2 Encyclopædia Iranica (general editor: E Yarshater). Arrian. Retrieved 2015-04-03.
  46. ↑ CG Starr, A History of the Ancient World Oxford University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-19-506628-6 [Retrieved 2015-04-03] (ed. supporting / secondary source for < lost >)
  47. ↑ J Wiesehofer, Ancient Persia (p.131 – the link opens p.133) I.B.Tauris, 18 Aug 2001 ISBN 1-86064-675-1 [Retrieved 2015-04-02]
  48. ↑ E. Yarshater, The Cambridge History of Iran: Seleucid Parthian (p.697) Cambridge University Press, 14 Apr 1983 ISBN 0-521-24693-8 [Retrieved 2015-04-03]
  49. ↑ LJ Sanders referencing AB Bosworth referencing Photius, The Legend of Dion (p.173 footnote 379) Dundurn, 15 Mar 2008 ISBN 1-4597-1094-0 [Retrieved 2015-04-04]
  50. ↑ Arriani Nicomediensis Scripta Minora Rudolfus Hercher iterum recognovit (ed. 1st source)
  51. ↑ Arrian, R Hercher, Nicomediensis Scripta minora (Latin) Publisher: Sumptibus et typis B.G . Teubneri 1854 (Book from the collections of: New York Public Library) [Retrieved 2015-04-01]
  52. ↑ Alexander the Great: The Anabasis and the Indica (p.227 onward) Translated by M Hammond Oxford University Press, 14 Feb 2013 ISBN 0-19-958724-8 [Retrieved 2015-04-01]
  53. 1 2 3 William Smith. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, Volume 3. Taylor and Walton, 1844 – Original used to transfer to google books from Bibliothèque jésuite des Fontaines, digitized 30 Dec 2010. Retrieved 2015-04-03. (ed. this source used for < Ινσικη >)
  54. ↑ The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica (scroll down for a list of editors) Encyclopædia Britannica [Retrieved 2015-04-01] (ed. this the 1st source of < Indica > for this ed.)
  55. ↑ AB Bosworth, Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, Volume 81, p.234 Harvard University Press, 1 Jan 1977 (edited by G. P. Goold) ISBN 0-674-37928-4 [Retrieved 2015-04-02]
  56. ↑ P Sidnell, Warhorse: Cavalry in Ancient Warfare (p.268) Bloomsbury Publishing, 10 Oct 2007 ISBN 0-8264-2105-9 [Retrieved 2015-04-03]
  57. ↑ T E Rihll, Greek Science (p.84 footnote 11) Cambridge University Press, 11 Nov 1999 ISBN 0-19-922395-5 [Retrieved 2015-3-31] (ed. 1st source for < Tekhne Taktike >)
  58. ↑ I Syvänne, The Age of Hippotoxotai: Art of War in Roman Military Revival and Disaster (491-636) Volume 994 of Acta Universitatis Tamperensis Tampere University Press, 2004 ISBN 9514459180 [Retrieved 2015-3-31]
  59. ↑ S Jamess (R Collins, F McIntosh, eds.), Life in the Limes: Studies of the people and objects of the Roman frontiers, p.102 Oxbow Books, 31 Mar 2014 ISBN 1-78297-254-4 [Retrieved 2015-04-01]
  60. ↑ Edward Gibbon, The life of Edward Gibbon, by himself, with selections from his correspondence, and illustrustrated by the rev. H.H. Milman. To which is added, Essay on the study of literature p.100 footnote 22d Paris Baudry's European Library 1840 [Retrieved 2015-04-02]
  61. ↑ KR. Dixon, P Southern, The Roman Cavalry, p.126 onward Routledge, 11 Jan 2013 ISBN 1-135-11407-2 [Retrieved 2015-04-02]
  62. ↑ Perseus Tufts Latin Word Study Tool: – texnh [Retrieved 2015-04-01] (ed. < texnh > located at < JG DeVoto > in http://www.karwansaraypublishers.com/ - used in verification of Ars tactica as same work))
  63. ↑ PA Stadter -. The Ars Tactica of Arrian: Tradition and Originality – Classical Philology Vol. 73, No. 2 (Apr., 1978), pp. 117-128. The University of Chicago Press. JSTOR 268990.
  64. ↑ M Peachin, Frontinus and the Curae of the Curator Aquarum (p.92 – footnote 21) Volume 39 of Heidelberger althistorische Beiträge und epigraphische Studien Franz Steiner Verlag, 2004 ISBN 3-515-08636-6 [Retrieved 2015-04-08]
  65. ↑ J Mancini, Vicennalia Treccani – La Cultura Italiana [Retrieved 2015-04-08] (ed. this source used only to identify the nature of the word < vicennalia >)
  66. ↑ p.51 – Arrian on Coursing. The Cynegeticus of the Younger Xenophon ... with Classical and Practical Annotations, and a Brief Sketch of the Life and Writings of the Author ; To which is Added an Appendix Containing Some Account of the Canes Venatici of Classical Antiquity, Bohn, 1831 [Retrieved 2015-3-31] (ed. this was the first source for < Cynegeticus >)
  67. ↑ Delabere Pritchett Blaine, p.391 – An Encyclopaedia of Rural Sports: Or a Complete Account, Historical, Practical, and Descriptive, of Hunting, Shooting, Fishing, Racing, and Other Field Sports and Athletic Amusements of the Present Day, Volume 1 Longman, Orme, Brown, Green and Longmans, 1840 [Retrieved 2015-3-31]
  68. ↑ The Quarterly Review, Volume 118 John Murray, 1865 [Retrieved 2015-3-31]
  69. ↑ Thomas Keith, A new treatise on the use of the globes ... The sixth edition, corrected and improved 1824 [Retrieved 2015-3-31]
  70. ↑ AA Phillips, MM Willcock, Xenophon and Arrian, On Hunting (Kynēgetikos) Aris & Phillips, 1 Jan 1999 ISBN 0-85668-705-7 [Retrieved 2015-04-04] (ed. source of word < Kynēgetikos >
  71. ↑ M. I. Finley, Studies in Ancient Society (Routledge Revivals) (p.193) Routledge, 11 Jan 2013 ISBN 1-136-50564-4 [Retrieved 2015-04-04] (ed. source for < κυνηγεττικός >)
  72. ↑ J. Mossman, F. Titchener, Virtues for the People: Aspects of Plutarchan Ethics (p.277) (edited by G Roskam, L. Van der Stockt) Universitaire Pers Leuven, 2011 ISBN 905867858X [Retrieved 2015-04-04] (ed. this source being not the first source for this fact for ed.)
  73. ↑ Oxford Dictionary: exposition, Oxford University Press [Retrieved 2015-04-04]
  74. ↑ N. J. E. Austin, N. B. Rankov, Exploratio: Military & Political Intelligence in the Roman World from the Second Punic War to the Battle of Adrianople, p.4 Routledge, 1 Jun 2002 ISBN 1-317-59385-5 [Retrieved 2015-04-01]
  75. ↑ EL Wheeler (edited by P Erdkamp – Research Fellow in Ancient History at Leiden University). A Companion to the Roman Army. John Wiley & Sons, 31 Mar 2011. ISBN 1-4443-9376-6. Retrieved 2015-04-04. (the word < Deployment > in search criteria was taken from J. E. Lendon ISBN 0-300-11979-8, p.267)
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