Liberal Government of New Zealand

The Ballance Ministry, 1892.

The Liberal Government of New Zealand was the first responsible government in New Zealand politics organised along party lines. The government formed following the founding of the Liberal Party and took office on the 24 January 1891, and governed New Zealand for over 21 years until 10 July 1912. To date, it is the longest serving government in New Zealand's history. The government was also historically notable for enacting significant social and economic changes, such as the Old Age Pensions Act and women's suffrage. One historian described the policies of the government as "a revolution in the relationship between the government and the people".^[1]

Significant policies

Economic

• Passed the Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act 1894. This established a conciliation and compulsory arbitration system with the aim of providing the unions with the means of protecting their members. The act encouraged the growth of unions by limiting labour representation at the arbitration court to registered unions.
• Legislation was introduced to protect vulnerable groups, such as the gumdiggers, miners, shop assistants, shearers, and servants.^[2]
• A department of labour was established (1891) to ensure that improvements in working conditions took place^[3] to inspect shearing sheds, shops, factories, and generally to examine working conditions. The new department helped to reduce unemployment by transporting labourers to jobs, and assisted more than 90,000 men and their dependents find a family income over the course of the next decade.^[4]
• Factory hours and working conditions were strictly regulated and children were removed from factories.^[3] The 1891 Factory Act gave legal definition to a factory. The 1894 Factory Act required registration and inspection of factories, specified maximum hours of work for women and young persons, and prevented those under the age of fourteen being employed in factories. By 1896, 4,600 factories with 31,000 workers and a further 7,000 shop assistants were registered with the Department of Labour.
• The 1892 Shop-Assistants Act dealt with sanitation and inspection.^[4] It also introduced a compulsory half-holiday for retail workers.^[3]
• The Wages Protection Bill (1898) was designed to protect workers’ wage packets from arbitrary deductions by employers.^[4]
• The New Zealand Accident Insurance Act (1899) provided the commissioner of life insurance with the powers to insure people against accidents, and could also insure employers from liability for accidents to any of their employees.^[4]
• The Shipping and Seamen’s Act (1894) specified minimum crews and safety conditions for shipping.^[4]
• The public service was significantly expanded between 1891 and 1911. By 1912, more than 40,000 people were on the state’s payroll, compared to roughly 10,000 in 1890.^[4]
• The Coal Mines Act (1901) established state mines to compete directly with privately owned mines.^[4]
• The Fires Brigades Act (1906) increased subsidies for volunteer fire brigades.^[4]
• Public works schemes such as road construction were encouraged and helped to reduce unemployment.
• A land and income tax bill was passed which introduced direct taxation as well as a graduated land tax. The bill also repealed the former inequitable property tax.
• A significant industrial expansion took place, such as in the metal trades, in printing, in the clothing and processing industries, and in new industries such as electrical supply, fibrous-plaster works, and wire-marking.^[5]
• A state fire insurance office and state coal mines with their own sale depots were established.
• The Truck Act (1891) forced all employers to pay in cash instead of goods.^[6]
• The Coal Mines Act (1891) authorised the government to purchase two West Coast mines.^[6]
• The Employers’ Liability Amendment Act enabled workers to recover damages for injuries received from either faulty equipment or negligence on the part of the employer, and also outlawed any arrangement whereby a worker agreed not to claim for any damages.^[7]
• The Contractors' and Workmen’s Liens Bill protected the rights of workers and contractors for payment for work done.^[7]
• Forty-eight hours a week was established by law as the normal working time for men in factories (1901).^[7]
• Women and young people in employment were limited to a 45-hour workweek (1901).^[7]
• A law relating to shipping and seamen was passed which improved the safety and protection of those working on ships and provided for specified skilled officers and for the care of seamen taken ill.^[7]
• The Workers’ Compensation for Accidents Act (1900) extended employers’ liability for accidents to workers to cover “all injuries arising out of, and in the course of, employment”.^[7]
• An accident branch of the Government Insurance Department was established (1901) to provide insurance facilities for employers for risk of injury. Under the act, certain diseases were classified as accidents (such as mercury poisoning, lead poisoning, and anthrax), and thus injury relating to a person’s line of work “became recognised as a proper charge on industry”.^[7]
• The Workmen’s Wages Act required the wages of manual workers to be paid at least on a weekly basis, while also strengthening the protection of wage payments due under contracts.^[7]
• Provision of compensation for work-related injuries was introduced.^[3]
• The Shipping and Seamen’s Amendment Act stipulated the proportion of trained shipmen on a ship.^[6]
• The Shop and Shop-assistants Act enforced weekend holidays.^[6]
• A factories act stipulated maximum working hours for women and children, while forbidding the employment of children under the age of fourteen.^[6]
• The Factories Act (1894) provided for the registration and inspection of factories and closely regulated the employment of women and children.^[8]
• A plan for unemployed workers to clear and then lease landholdings was sponsored.
• A women’s employment bureau established (1895).^[9]
• The government won the right to repurchase private land for development.
• A bureau of industries was established (1891) to help place people in jobs. The bureau provided male New Zealanders with employment on special relief works and also gave free railway passes to unemployed men to enable them to go to areas where jobs were available.^[7]
• Labour Day was made a public holiday (1899).^[7]
• Legislation was introduced to "facilitate and control insurance against industrial accidents.".^[10]
• A commercial trusts act (1910) was introduced to suppress monopolies.^[7]
• The Scaffolding Inspection Act 1906 required notification of intention to erect any structure or framework over 16 ft in height, or any swinging stage, “for the support of workmen engaged on building work.” The legislation also provided for the appointment of inspectors with rights of entry and inspection, and allowed regulations to be made laying down minimum safety requirements.^[10]

Health

The Seddon Ministry, 1900.

• Public Health Act founded the Department of Public Health in 1901.
• The Nurses' Registration Act (1901) provided for a course of three years' training and a state examination followed by registration.^[11]
• The Midwives' Act (1904) was passed with the aims of regulating midwifery through a midwives’ register, providing better training of midwives, and reducing maternal and infant mortality amongst working-class mothers.^[12] The legislation also encouraged the construction of state maternity hospitals.^[4]
• Steps were taken to teach oral hygiene in schools following a plea by dentists to the government in 1905.^[4]
• Subsidies on a pound for pound basis were made available to local authorities for water purification and sanitation.^[4]
• A rudimentary district nursing system was set up in areas with a high Maori population.^[4]
• Maori medical services came to be co-ordinated under the auspices of the Department of public Health.^[4]
• The Hospital and Charitable Institutions Act (1909) established 36 hospital districts, each with an elected hospital board.^[4]
• A department of health was set up, which initially concentrated on providing better sanitation, clean water, and sewage disposal, and dealt with quarantine matters.^[4]
• Vaccination against several diseases was promoted.^[4]
• The Pharmacy Board worked on a set of regulations (in 1911) governing the labelling of food and drugs, and the protection of meat and milk products. They were gazetted in 1913 under the Sale of Food and drugs Act of 1907.^[4]
• The Juvenile Suppression Act (1903) introduced penalties for supplying tobacco to youths or for youths who smoked.^[13]
• A system of medical inspections of children before they passed out of primary school was initiated.^[4]
• The Opium Prohibition Amendment Act (1902) introduced harsher penalties for the import of opium for smoking.^[13]
• Hospitals were constructed for working-class mothers (1905).^[3]
• A department of tourist and health resorts was established (1901).^[14] It was the first government-sponsored tourism organisation in the world.^[15]

Welfare

• The Old-age Pensions Act of 1898 established a system of old-age pensions. Pensions were later introduced for widows (1911), Māori War veterans (1912), miners (1915), and the blind (1924).
• In 1911, miners suffering from pneumoconiosis began receiving payments from a small relief fund set up by the government the previous year.^[4]
• The Military Pensions Act (1911) introduced payments for veterans of the Māori War of the 1860s.^[4]
• A variety of superannuation schemes for government workers were introduced. Starting in 1893 with the Civil Service Insurance Act, special schemes for railway and post office workers were introduced. In 1908, a comprehensive retirement scheme for all remaining state employees was established.^[4]
• The National Provident Fund Act (1910) encouraged the provision of annuities in old age.^[16] It also made special provision “for the support of dependent children by providing for the payment, on the death of a contributor, of a weekly allowance to the widow so long as any child is under 14 years of age, due after contributing for five years”.^[17] Referred to as a “government friendly society,” provided maternity medical expenses, sickness and death benefits, and a weekly pension at sixty which varied according to the level of contributions.^[4]
• Child welfare was given greater attention, as demonstrated by the passing of legislation raising the age of consent (1896), better protection for the homeless (1896), the prohibition of children from smoking (1903), and attempts to create effective legal structures for dealing with juveniles (1906).^[8]
• Protection for women in inheritance cases was introduced and deserting husbands were made to provide maintenance under the Testators’ Family Maintenance Act (1900).^[3]
• The Workers Dwellings Act (1905) encouraged the construction of 648 houses by 1919.^[8]
• The Shearers' Accommodation Act (1898) improved living conditions for shearers by requiring that all accommodation and other sheds had to be inspected, and that proper sleeping and eating areas had to be provided.^[18]
• The money lent under the Advances to Workers Act (1906) led to the construction of 9,675 houses by 1919.^[8] By 1913, nearly 9,000 government housing loans had been extended by the government.^[4]
• Amendments to the Destitute Persons Laws in 1894, 1908 and 1910 extended rights to maintenance.^[19]
• The Testators’ Family Maintenance Act (1900) helped to protect the economic rights of wives and children.^[7]
• A lease-in-perpetuity (999-year lease) was introduced (1892) to provide security for settlers who could not afford to purchase freehold land.^[14]
• Credit for land purchase and improvements was provided.
• Subletting of government contracts for public works was abolished.
• The Lands for Settlement Act opened up crown land for leasing. In 1894, it was amended to force owners of large estates to sell portions of their holdings.
• The Government Advances to Settlers Act (1894) significantly expanded the supply of credit available to farmers. It enabled farmers to borrow from the state upon security at reasonable interest rates.
• A department of agriculture was established.^[6]
• The lease-in-perpetuity was abolished to benefit freeholders. In its place, short renewable leases with periodic revaluations were introduced, and tenants were provided with the right to purchase their land outright at its current value.^[20]
• The old age pension was increased (1905) to compensate pensioners for an increase in the cost of living.^[7]
• Means testing of pensions was liberalised (1910). In 1905, £150 of the value of a property was not counted in the reduction of the pension allowable, an amount that was increased to £340 in 1910.^[7]
• The repeal of the property tax exempted more than half of all small farmers from paying tax.
• Cash payments were introduced for a man aged sixty and above and a woman aged fifty-five and above if he or she had two or more children under the age of fourteen (1911).^[7]
• The Adoption of Children Act (1895) introduced a process whereby any person in New Zealand could place an adoption order.^[21]
• The Destitute Persons Act (1910) made provision for illegitimate children and deserted wives and children.^[22] This legislation introduced the concept of attachment orders on wages, and was aimed at relieving destitution rather providing adequate long-term support.^[23]
• The Legitimation Act (1904) made provision for the registration of the birth of any child born out of wedlock where the parents had subsequently married. In cases such as these, the father of the child had to register the birth and make a declaration that at the time of the birth there was no legal impediment to his marriage to the mother.^[24]
• A national pension scheme for teachers was introduced (1905).^[25]
• The Infant Life Protection Act (1893) required that all homes “that received payment for looking after infants under the age of two for more than three consecutive days had to be licensed as foster homes and were subject to police inspection”.^[26] This legislation was followed by another Act in 1896, which extended police powers of inspection and raised the upper age limit to four years.^[27]
• The Infant Life Protection Act (1907) required a doctor or midwife in attendance at the birth of an infant to notify the local registrar of the birth and a parent or his or her agent to complete the register entry.^[24]

Education

The MacKenzie Ministry, 1912.

• Increased funds were allocated to education.^[4]
• Many new schools were built each year, while the number of teachers grew more rapidly than students, enabling class sizes to be reduced.^[4]
• The Manual and Technical Instruction acts of 1900 and 1902 provided local authorities with the power to spend money on technical education and make land grants.^[28]
• Technical education was expanded, with 13,500 students attending such classes by 1912 at eight institutions.^[4]
• After 1895, students could receive assistance with rail transport to and from schools, and over the next few years small boarding allowances were paid as well.^[4]
• A free textbook scheme was launched.^[2]
• Bursaries were introduced for pupils who passed the matriculation exam with credit (1907). This led to a rise in the number of students who could attend university without having pay any fees.^[7]
• The Public-school Teachers' Salaries Act (1901) established a national scale of salaries.^[29]
• Higher leaving certificates were instituted to be awarded to secondary school students “who satisfactorily completed one year at approved post-matriculation studies” (1901). This ensured that any student who passed their university entrance examination and stayed another year at a secondary school studying an approved course could (if their work was of a good standard) receive a free university place for four years.^[7]
• New regulations for the examination and inspection of schools were introduced, which provided head teachers with greater freedom in the classification of their pupils.^[25]
• More secondary schools were brought into the national system (1903).^[7]
• By the outbreak of the First World War the national primary school service had been considerably improved.^[8]
• Free places in secondary schools were introduced (1902). By the end of the First Liberal Government, fewer than 20% of all secondary students paid any fees.^[4]

Foreign policy

• Declared the Flag of New Zealand as New Zealand's national flag in 1902.
• Committed New Zealand troops to the Boer War.
• Annexed the Cook Islands (1901)

New Zealand's foreign policy at this time expressed a sense of nationhood but also of Britishness: New Zealanders were proud of their young nation and of being part of the British Empire. The annexation of the Cook Islands can be seen as part of a desire to create a miniature empire in the Pacific, which would be part of the wider British Empire. New Zealand's enthusiastic involvement in the Boer War expressed both loyalty to 'mother Britain' and a sense of being a nation which could play its part on the world stage. The war was the first overseas conflict to which New Zealand committed troops. Although the New Zealand blue ensign became the country's national flag, the Union Jack, the flag of Great Britain, continued to be widely used (the medals awarded at the conclusion of the war featured the flag of the United Tribes of New Zealand).

Treaty of Waitangi and Maori

• Passed the Tohunga Suppression Act in 1907.
• The Māori Councils Act (1900) instituted local councils for Māori; although short-lived, it brought some improvements in health, slowed land sales, and provided Māori with more say in running their local affairs.^[3]
• A rudimentary district nursing system was set up in areas with a high Māori population.^[4]
• Māori medical services came to be co-ordinated under the auspices of the Department of Public Health.^[4]
• Housing conditions for Māori were considerably improved between 1904 and 1909.^[7]
• Six-thousand Māori were vaccinated between 1901 and 1905.^[7]
• Māori councils were provided with additional powers to enforce standards of hygiene (1901).^[7]
• Māori district high schools were developed.^[7]

Constitutional

Governor Lord Plunkett declaring New Zealand a dominion on the steps of parliament in 1907

• Passed a resolution declaring New Zealand the Dominion of New Zealand in 1907, formally ending colonial status.
• Granted women's suffrage in 1893 (despite Seddon's efforts to have the Legislative Council stop it).
• Life membership in the upper house was reduced to a seven-year term.
• The stranglehold of the legislative council was broken.^[3]
• Women were granted practical equality and divorce rights.^[7]
• The Divorce Act (1898), and the repeal (1910) of the Contagious Diseases Act removed various forms of legal discrimination against women.^[8]
• A defence act was made law (1910) to introduce compulsory military training.^[3]
• The Crimes Act (1910) introduced the “reformative detention” sentence, which ensured that a person could be held for a period long enough for necessary reform training to be undertaken.^[7]

Formation

The formation of the Liberal Party came after the victory of liberal-leaning members of parliament, led by John Ballance, at the 1890 general election

Defeat

The government lost its majority at the 1911 general election, but managed to stay in office with the support of independent MPs until the following year. The government was eventually defeated in a vote of confidence on 10 July 1912, with the defection of some Liberals like John A. Millar.

Electoral results

Election	Parliament	Seats	Total votes ^1	Percentage	Gain (loss)	Seats won	Change	Majority
1890 ²	11th	74	76,548	56.1%	-	38	-	2
1893	12th	74	175,814	57.8%	+1.7%	51	+13	28
1896	13th	74	165,259	46.0%	-11.8%	39	-12	4
1899 ³	14th	74	204,331	52.7%	+6.7%	49	+10	24
1902 ^4	15th	80	215,845	51.8%	-0.9%	47	-2	14
1905 ^5	16th	80	216,312	53.1%	+1.3%	58	+11	36
1908 ^6	17th	80	250,445	58.7%	+5.6%	50	-8	20
1911 ^7	18th	80	194,089	40.7%	-18.0%	33	-17	-14

Notes:- 1. The vote totals and percentages, from 1890 to 1902, exclude the four Maori electorates. From 1890 to 1902 additional votes cast in four three-member electorates are included. The comparability over time of the vote totals are also affected by unopposed elections. The electorates where there was no contest numbered six in 1890, three in 1893 and 1899, and one in 1911.
2. There were no organized parties at the time of the 1890 election. The figures given are an approximate indication of the division of political opinion between Liberals and others.
3. The seat figures given are from the Elections New Zealand website. They are the same as those in the International Almanac of Electoral History.

Prime Ministers

Five premiers and prime ministers (the title of premier was changed during the term in office of the government) served during the government's tenure, with two (Ballance and Seddon) dying in office:

• Prime Ministers of the First Liberal Government
• 
  John Ballance
  served 1891-1893
• 
  Richard Seddon
  served 1893-1906
• 
  William Hall-Jones
  served 1906
• 
  Joseph Ward
  served 1906-1912
• 
  Thomas Mackenzie
  served 1912

Cabinet Ministers

Ministry	Minister	Term(s)
Attorney-General	Patrick Buckley	24 January 1891 – 20 December 1895
	Albert Pitt	22 June 1903 – 18 November 1906
	John Findlay	23 November 1906 – 26 December 1911
Minister of Justice	William Pember Reeves	24 January 1891 - 28 May 1892
	Alfred Cadman	28 May 1892 - 1 May 1893
	William Pember Reeves	20 July 1893 - 6 September 1893
	Alfred Cadman	6 September 1893 -28 March 1895
	William Pember Reeves	28 March 1895 - 10 January 1896
	William Hall-Jones	20 February 1896 - 2 March 1896
	Thomas Thompson	2 March 1896 - 23 January 1900
	James McGowan	23 January 1900 - 6 January 1909
	John Findlay	6 January 1909 - 26 December 1911
	Josiah Hanan	28 March 1912 - 10 July 1912
Minister of Finance	John Ballance	24 January 1891 - 27 April 1893
	Joseph Ward	1 May 1893 - 16 June 1896
	Richard Seddon	16 June 1896 - 10 June 1906
	William Hall-Jones	21 June 1906 - 6 August 1906
	Joseph Ward	6 August 1906 - 28 March 1912
	Arthur Myers	28 March 1912 - 10 July 1912
Minister of Internal Affairs	David Buddo	6 January 1909 - 28 March 1912
	George Warren Russell	28 March 1912 - 10 December 1912
Minister of Education	William Pember Reeves	24 January 1891 - 10 January 1896
	William Campbell Walker	11 March 1896 - 20 June 1903
	Richard Seddon	22 June 1903 - 10 June 1906
	William Hall-Jones	21 June 1906 - 6 August 1906
	George Fowlds	6 August 1906 - 4 September 1911
	Josiah Hanan	28 March 1912 - 10 July 1912
Minister of Health	Joseph Ward	8 November 1900 - 6 August 1906
	George Fowlds	6 August 1906 - 6 January 1909
	David Buddo	6 January 1909 - 28 March 1912
	George Warren Russell	28 March 1912 - 10 December 1912
Minister of Defence	Richard Seddon	24 January 1891 - 22 June 1896
	Thomas Thompson	22 June 1898 - 23 January 1900
	Richard Seddon	23 January 1900 - 10 June 1906
	Albert Pitt	21 June 1906 - 18 November 1906
	Joseph Ward	23 November 1906 - 28 March 1912
	Arthur Myers	28 March 1912 - 10 July 1912
Minister of Agriculture	John McKenzie	24 January 1891 - 27 June 1900
	Thomas Young Duncan	2 July 1900 - 6 August 1906
	Robert McNab	6 August 1906 - 30 November 1908
	Joseph Ward	1 December 1908 - 1 May 1909
	Thomas Mackenzie	1 May 1909 - 10 July 1912
Minister of Native Affairs	John Ballance	24 January 1891 - 4 February 1891
	Alfred Cadman	4 February 1891 - 29 June 1893
	Richard Seddon	6 September 1893 - 21 December 1899
	James Carroll	21 December 1899 - 28 March 1912
	William MacDonald	28 March 1912 - 10 July 1912
Minister of Railways	Alfred Cadman	24 November 1895 - 28 April 1899
	Joseph Ward	17 May 1900 - 13 January 1906
	William Hall-Jones	13 January 1906 - 24 May 1908
	John A. Millar	24 May 1908 - 24 August 1912
	Arthur Myers	25 August 1912 - 10 December 1912

See also

• Governments of New Zealand

Notes

1. James Belich, quoted in Michael King The Penguin History of New Zealand, page 259
2. "Liberal Party - Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand". Teara.govt.nz. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
3. Brooking 2004.
4. Bassett 1998.
5. A History of New Zealand by Keith Sinclair
6. Chambers 2004.
7. Poverty and Progress in New Zealand: A Re-assessment by William Ball Sutch
8. The Oxford History of New Zealand, edited by Geoffrey W. Rice
9. "Timeline". Labour History Project. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
10. "Control of working conditions - Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand". Teara.govt.nz. 23 April 2009. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
11. "NURSING - Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand". Teara.govt.nz. 2009-04-22. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
12. Innovations in health and medicine: diffusion and resistance in the twentieth century edited by Jennifer Stanton
13. The Women's Parliament: The National Council of the Women of New Zealand 1896-1920 by Roberta McIntyre
14. A Concise History of New Zealand by Philippa Mein Smith
15. Timeline. "Timeline - 1906 International Exhibition". Christchurch City Libraries. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
16. The Encyclopædia Britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, literature and general information, Volume 31 by Hugh Chisholm
17. Everyman's Child by Sophie Irene Loeb
18. "Shearers' cook - Rural workers - Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand". Teara.govt.nz. 2009-03-01. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
19. Johnson, Paul; Thane, Pat (1998). Old age from Antiquity to post-modernity. Routledge.
20. A History Of New Zealand by Keith Sinclair
21. The politics of adoption: international perspectives on law, policy & practice by Kerry O'Halloran
22. "Care and Protection is about adult behaviour" (PDF). Msd.govt.nz. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
23. "Maintaining Sole Parent Families in New Zealand: An Historical Review - Ministry of Social Development". Msd.govt.nz. 1998-06-10. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
24. "Important dates in civil registration in N.Z.". New Zealand Society of Genealogists. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
25. Roth, Herbert. "Hogben, George - Biography - Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand". Teara.govt.nz. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
26. "From childcare to baby farming | NZHistory, New Zealand history online". Nzhistory.net.nz. 2012-08-30. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
27. Family matters: child welfare in twentieth-century New Zealand by Bronwyn Dalley, New Zealand. Dept. of Internal Affairs. Historical Branch
28. "The Origins of Technical Education in New Zealand" (PDF). Crie.org.nz. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
29. "A Period of Educational Reform - Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand". Teara.govt.nz. 2009-04-22. Retrieved 2012-11-30.

References

• Bassett, Michael (1998). The state in New Zealand, 1840–1984: socialism without doctrines?. Auckland: Auckland University Press. ISBN 9781869401931. Retrieved 28 July 2010.
• Brooking, Tom (2004). The history of New Zealand. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0313323569. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
• Chambers, John H. (2004). A traveller's history of New Zealand and the South Pacific islands. New York: Interlink Books. ISBN 1-56656-506-5. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
• Hamer, David Allan (1998). The New Zealand Liberals: The Years of Power, 1891–1912. Auckland: Auckland University Press. ISBN 1-86940-014-3.
• Lipson, Leslie (2011) [1948]. The Politics of Equality: New Zealand’s Adventures in Democracy. Wellington: Victoria University Press. ISBN 978-0-86473-646-8.
• Mackie, Thomas T.; Rose, Richard (1991). The International Almanac of Electoral History (3rd ed.). London: Macmillan. ISBN 9780333452790.

External links

• Official election results website
• The Seddon-Stout struggle for power