Battle of Balikpapan (1945)

Battle of Balikpapan (1945) Part of the Pacific Theatre of World War II American manned Alligators during the landing of Australian troops at Balikpapan, Borneo Date 1–21 July 1945 Location Balikpapan, Netherlands East Indies Result Allied victory Belligerents  Australia  United States  Netherlands  United Kingdom  Empire of Japan

The Battle of Balikpapan was the concluding stage of the Operation Oboe. The landings took place on 1 July 1945. The Australian 7th Division,^[1] composed of the 18th, 21st and 25th Infantry Brigades, with KNIL troops, made an amphibious landing, codenamed Operation Oboe Two a few miles north of Balikpapan, on the island of Borneo. The landing had been preceded by heavy bombing and shelling by Australian and US air and naval forces. The Japanese were outnumbered and outgunned, but like the other battles of the Pacific War, many of them fought to the death.

Major operations had ceased by July 21. The 7th Division's casualties were significantly lighter than they had suffered in previous campaigns. The battle was one of the last to occur in World War II, beginning a few weeks before the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki effectively ended the war. Japan surrendered while the Australians were combing the jungle for stragglers.

Following the surrender the three Brigades were committed to occupation duties until around February 1946. The 21st Brigade was detached to Makassar in the Celebes Islands to accept surrender of the Japanese forces, release POWs and maintain civil order.

Order of battle

A map of the battle

Members of the 7th Division at Balikpapan

Allied units ("Oboe Two Force")

Land forces

• 7th Australian Division
  • Divisional Units
    • 2/7 Cavalry (Commando) Regiment
    • 2/1 Pioneer Battalion
    • 2/1 Machine Gun Battalion
    • B Company 2/1 Guard Regiment (4 platoons)
  • Divisional Artillery
    • 2/4 Field Regiment (Ordnance QF 25 pounder gun-howitzers)
    • 2/5 Field Regiment (25 pounder guns)
    • 2/6 Field Regiment (25 pounder guns)
    • 2/2 Tank Attack Regiment
  • Divisional Engineers
    • 2/4 Field Company
    • 2/5 Field Company
    • 2/6 Field Company
    • 2/9 Field Company
    • 2/25 Field Park Company
  • 18 Infantry Brigade
    • 2/9 Battalion
    • 2/10 Battalion
    • 2/12 Battalion
  • 21 Infantry Brigade
    • 2/14 Battalion
    • 2/16th Battalion
    • 2/27 Battalion
  • 25 Infantry Brigade
    • 2/25 Battalion
    • 2/31 Battalion
    • 2/33 Battalion
• I Australian Corps units
  • (Attached to the 7th Division for operational purposes.)
    • 1st Armoured Regiment (Matilda II tanks)
    • Armoured Squadron (Special Equipment) (Matilda tank specialist variant)
    • 2/1 Composite Anti-Aircraft Regiment
    • 2 Beach Group
      • 2/2 Pioneer Battalion
        • 2/11 Field Company
          • 12 Aust. Light Wireless Section
• Royal Netherlands East Indies Army
  • 1 Company, 1 NEI Battalion
• United States Army
  • 727th Amphibian Tractor Battalion (less one company)
  • One company, 672nd Amphibian Tractor Battalion
  • One boat company, Boat Battalion, 593rd Engineer Boat and Shore Regiment

Air units

Royal Australian Air Force

• 79 (General Reconnaissance – Bomber) Wing Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF)
  • No. 2 Squadron (North American Mitchell)
  • No. 18 (NEIAF, Australian-Dutch) Squadron (North American Mitchell)
• 78 (Fighter) Wing RAAF (from June 30)
  • No. 75 Squadron (Curtiss Kittyhawk)
  • No. 78 Squadron (Curtiss Kittyhawk)
  • No. 80 Squadron (Curtiss Kittyhawk)
  • No. 452 Squadron (Supermarine Spitfire)
• 82 (Bomber) Wing RAAF
  • No. 21 Squadron (Consolidated Liberator heavy bomber)
  • No. 23 Squadron (Consolidated Liberator)
  • No. 24 Squadron (Consolidated Liberator)
• Detachment, 83 (Army Co-Operation) Wing
  • Detachment, No. 4 Squadron (CAC Boomerang)
  • Detachment, No. 16 Air Observation Post Flight
• Det, 9 Local Air Supply Unit
• No. 54 Squadron RAF (Supermarine Spitfire)

United States Army Air Forces

• 13th Air Force
  • 42nd Bombardment Group (North American B-25 Mitchell)
    • 69, 70, 75, 100, 390 Bombardment Squadrons (Palawan Island)
  • 5th Bombardment Group (Consolidated B-24 Liberator)
    • 23, 31, 72, 394 Bombardment Squadrons (Samar Island)
  • 307th Bombardment Group (Consolidated B-24 Liberator)
    • 370, 371, 372, 424 Bombardment Squadrons (Morotai Island)
  • 868th Bombardment Squadron (Consolidated SB-24 Liberator, LAB: Low Altitude radar Bomb.) flew maritime surveillance patrols
  • 18th Fighter Group (Lockheed P-38 Lightning fighter)
    • 67, 68, 339 Fighter Squadrons (Palawan Island)
  • 419th Night Fighter Squadron (Northrop P-61 Black Widow) (Zamboanga and Palawan)
  • 4 Reconnaissance Group (Lockheed F-5 Lightning and North American B-25 Mitchell)
    • 17th Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron Det. (Palawan Island)
• 5th Air Force
  • 22nd Bombardment Group (Consolidated B-24 Liberator)
  • 38th Bombardment Group (North American B-25 Mitchell)
    • Attached to 42nd Bombardment Group
  • 90th Bombardment Group (Consolidated B-24 Liberator)
  • 380th Bombardment Group (Consolidated B-24 Liberator)

United States Marine Corps

• VMB-611 (North American PBJ Mitchell) flying from Zamboanga
• Marine Air Group 2 (flying from the USN escort carriers)
  • Marine Escort Carrier Group 1 (MCVEG-1) on USS Block Island (CVE-106)
    • VMF-511 (Goodyear FG-1D Corsair) & Grumman F6F-5N Hellcat
    • VMTB-233 (Grumman TBM-3 Avenger)
  • Marine Escort Carrier Group 2 (MCVEG-2) on carrier USS Gilbert Islands (CVE-107)
    • VMF-512 (Goodyear FG-1D Corsair)
    • VMTB-143 (Grumman TBM-3 Avenger)

United States Navy

• Fleet Air Wing 17 (Palawan Island)
  • Patrol Bombing Squadron 128 (VPB-128) (Lockheed PV-1 Ventura)
  • Patrol Bombing Squadron 106 (VPB-106) (Consolidated PB4Y-2 Privateer)
  • Patrol Bombing Squadron 111 (VPB-111) (Consolidated PB4Y-2 Privateer)
• Navy Escort Carrier Group 40 (CVEG-40) on carrier USS Suwannee (CVE-27)
  • Fighter Squadron 40 (VF-40) (Grumman F6F-5 Hellcat)
  • Torpedo Squadron 40 (VT-40) (Grumman TBM-3 Avenger)

Naval forces

• Attack Group 78.2
  • Transports: 1 AGC USS Wasatch, 1 CGC, 3 LSI (HMAS Manoora, HMAS Westralia, HMAS Kanimbla), 1 AKA (USS Titania), 1 LSD (USS Carter Hall), 5 APD (Newman, Liddle, Kephart, Lloyd, Diachenko), 1 LCF(F), 22 LSM, 35 LST, 16 LCI(L),19 LCT, 2 PC, 3 SC
  • Close Support: 10 LCS(L) (No. 8, 27, 28, 29, 30, 41, 43, 44, 48, 50), 8 LCI(R) (No. 31, 34, 73, 226, 230, 331, 337, 338), 6 LCI(G) (No. 21, 22, 24, 61, 66, 67), 3 LCI(M)
  • Screen: 10 Destroyers (USS Robinson, Saufley, Waller, Philip, Bailey, Frazier, Flusser, Drayton, Conyngham, Smith), 5 Destroyer Escorts (USS Chaffee, L.E. Thomas, E.A.Howard, J. Rutherford, Key), 1 Frigate (HMAS Gascoyne)
  • Minesweeping Group: 1 APD (Cofer), 3 AM (Sentry, Scout, Scuffle), 39 YMS, 1 LSM
  • Service, Salvage and miscellaneous units: Tugs Cable, ATR-61, Pinto, Oilers Chepachet, Sakatonchee, Gualala, Banshee, Cargo Poinsett, Repair ship Creon
• Covering Force 74
  • Covering Group 74.1
    • Heavy Cruiser: HMAS Shropshire (from 27 June)
    • Light Cruiser: HMAS Hobart (from 27 June)
    • Destroyers: USS Metcalf, Hart
  • Covering Group 74.2
    • Light Cruisers: US Ships Montpelier (from 15 June), Denver (from 15 June), Columbia (from 23 June), Cleveland (30 June – 1st? July), HNLMS Tromp (From 19 June)
    • Destroyers: Conway, Cony, Eaton, Stevens, Killen, Albert W. Grant and HMAS Arunta
  • Covering Group 74.3
    • Light Cruisers: US Ships Phoenix (4–6 July), Nashville (4–6 July)
    • Destroyers: USS Charrette, Conner, Bell, Burns
  • Destroyers: 4 from 15 June, 7 from 27 June.
  • High Speed transport: USS Schmitt, Kline (from 23 June)
• United States Navy Escort Carrier Group 78.4: (from 1–3 July)
  • Escort Carriers: US Ships Suwannee, Block Island, Gilbert Islands
  • Destroyers: USS Helm
  • Destroyer escorts: USS Mitchell, Donaldson, Cloues, Lamons and Kyne
• 8 USN PT boats arrived with the tender USS Mobjack on 27 June, and this force was expanded to two PT boat squadrons (10 and 27) on 6 July.

Japanese Units

• 22 Base Force
• 454 Independent Infantry Battalion

References

1. Video: Allies Invade Balikpapan etc. (1945). Universal Newsreel. 1945. Retrieved February 22, 2012.

• Australian Official Histories of World War II
  • Gavin Long (1963), The Final Campaigns. Australian War Memorial, Canberra.
  • G. Hermon Gill (1968), Royal Australian Navy 1942–45. Australian War Memorial, Canberra.
  • George Odgers (1968), Air War Against Japan, 1943–45. Australian War Memorial, Canberra.
• ‘Japanese Monograph Number 26: Borneo Operations. 1941–1945’ in War in Asia and the Pacific. Volume 6. The Southern Area (Part I).
• Wesley Craven and James Cate (1953), The Army Air Forces in World War Two. Volume V: Matterhorn to Nagasaki. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C.
• Major General R.N. Hopkins (Retired). Australian Armour. A History of the Royal Australian Armoured Corps 1927–1972. Australian Government Publishing Service. 1978.
• Samuel Eliot Morison (1989), The Liberation of the Philippines: Luzon, Mindanao, the Visayas 1944–1945. Little, Brown and Company, Boston.
• Gordon L. Rottman, US Marine Corps Order of Battle. Ground and Air Units in the Pacific War, 1939–1945. Greenwood Press. Westport. 2002.
• Royal Navy (1959), Naval Staff History Second World War: War with Japan, Volume VI; The Advance to Japan. British Admiralty, London.
• James J. Fahey (1992), Pacific War Diary, 1942–1945: The Secret Diary of an American Sailor Houghton Mifflin ISBN 0-395-64022-9 (gives a shipboard view of the naval operations around the island, in particular the terrible beating the minesweepers took in clearing the harbour)

External links

• British Pathe newsreel of the Battle: 'Australians from Balikpapan'
• British Pathe newsreel of the Battle: 'Pacific Island Warfare'