Battle of Sjenica (1941)

Battle for Sjenica Part of World War II in Yugoslavia Date 22 December 1941 Location Sjenica, Italian governorate of Montenegro (modern-day Serbia) Result Defeat of Partisan forces Belligerents Axis:  Italy Nazi Germany Allies: Communist Party of Yugoslavia Commanders and leaders Hasan Zvizdić Sulejman Pačariz Džemail Koničanin Tadija Andrić  † Vladimir Knežević Petar Stambolić Units involved Sandžak Muslim militia: Sjenica detachment Tutin detachment Prijepolje detachment Militsiya (Serbs and Muslims)[1] Yugoslav Partisans: 2nd Takovo Company Belgrade Company (part) Serbian-Sandžak Company (part)[2] Strength 800 — 900 300 Militsiya (Serbs and Muslims) 500 — 600 Sandžak Muslim militia 350 Casualties and losses 30 killed and 60 wounded around 100[3] 52 killed 25 wounded 18[4] — 22[5] captured

The Battle of Sjenica was a battle between attacking forces of Yugoslav Partisans on one side and defending forces of the Sandžak Muslim militia and town's militsiya (Serbs and Muslims) in Sjenica, on the territory of the Italian governorate of Montenegro.

Background

At the beginning of the Second World War the territory of Sandžak was a subject of territorial aspirations of all sides in the war. The Muslims wanted this region to be annexed to the Ustaše controlled Independent State of Croatia which pursued a genocidal policy toward Serbs, Jews and Roma People. On the other hand, the Germans designated it to be a part of their occupation zone, Italians wanted to control all of Sandžak while Albanians wanted it to be annexed to their Greater Albania. The Chetniks and Partisans struggled to keep Sandžak within Yugoslavia. Based on the agreement of July 1941, Sjenica was included in the Italian governorate of Montenegro.^[6]

Hasan Zvizdić was a wealthy Muslim whole-trader in Sjenica. He became a city governor and armed many local Muslims and organized them as militia during the war.^[7] In December 1941 Zvizdić refused to allow Partisans to capture Sjenica because he was afraid that Chetniks, German and Italian forces would attack Partisans in Sjenica and kill many of its population as well. He explained to Partisans that he has around 5,000 members of Muslim militia under his command and that he will used them against Partisans or Chetniks if they try to capture Sjenica.^[8] According to historian Živković, Zvizdić was actually concerned that his lucrative contracts to supply Italian and German army with livestock would be cancelled if Partisans capture the city.^[9]

Armed forces

The Partisan military units that attacked the town belonged to the 2nd Takovo Company commanded by Tadija Andrić, part of the Belgrade Company and part of the Serbian-Sandžak Company commanded by Vladimir Knežević and Petar Stambolić.^[10][9] The staff of the Belgrade Company was against the attack on Sjenica, but was outvoted.^[11]

On 23 November the Partisans captured and executed several Chetnik commanders near Nova Varoš. This action compromised the Partisans in the eyes of many Serbs from Sjenica who developed animosity toward them. As a result, many Serbs from Sjenica joined forces of the town's militsiya to defend the town from the Partisans.^[12]

Battle

The attack on Sjenica began on 22 December 1941, in 4:30 a.m. The temperature was −20 °C (−4 °F) and snowdrifts were about 1 meter. The Partisans attacked the town from three directions. Initially, the Belgrade company managed to penetrate the town and capture its center.^[13] The Partisans faced with strong gunfire in period between 8 and 10 a.m. and even hot water thrown at them from the windows of the houses.^[11] The Belgrade company managed to retreat from the town only after 11 a.m. and reached Nova Varoš only on 23 December because they were carrying four heavily wounded Partisans.^[14]

The remaining two groups failed to fulfill their tasks because they were easily repelled back to the town's periphery.^[13] On the same day the forces of Muslim militia from Prijepolje, commanded by Pačariz, and from Sjenica commanded by Zvizdić successfully repelled the attack of Partisans who tried to capture Sjenica.^[15] They were supported by one company from German controlled Tutin, commanded by Džemail Koničanin, who joined them based on invitation of Zvizdić.^[16]

Communist casualties included Andrija Tadić, the commander of the 2nd Takovo company.^[17]

Aftermath

Josip Broz Tito criticized Partisan attack on Sjenica which, according to his position, was against direct order of the supreme command and Communist Party.^[18]

References

1. Živković 2011.
2. Petronijević, Vuk; Jakovijević, Milutin; Stefanović, Mladen; Istorijski arhiv--Čačak (1968). Čačanski kraj u narodnooslobodilačkoj borbi 1941–1944: hronologija događaja. Istorijski arhiv. p. 195.
3. Petronijević, Vuk; Jakovijević, Milutin; Stefanović, Mladen; Istorijski arhiv--Čačak (1968). Čačanski kraj u narodnooslobodilačkoj borbi 1941–1944: hronologija događaja. Istorijski arhiv. p. 195.
4. Kadenić, Rahmija; Petković, Radomir (1981). Ratna sećanja iz NOB, 1941–1942. Vojnoizdavački zavod. p. 196.
5. Dokumenti centralnih organa KPJ NOR i revolucija (1941–1945): (16. septembar-31. decembar 1941). Izdavački centar Komunist. 1985. p. 492.
6. Živković 2011, p. 252.
7. Djurašinović-Kostja, Vojin (1961). Stazama proleterskim. Prosveta. p. 279.
8. Ćuković, Mirko (1964). Sandžak: Na osnovu sakupljenog i obrađenog materijala knjigu napisao Mirko Ćuković. Nolit. pp. 196, 197.
9. Živković 2011, p. 268.
10. Petronijević, Vuk; Jakovijević, Milutin; Stefanović, Mladen; Istorijski arhiv--Čačak (1968). Čačanski kraj u narodnooslobodilačkoj borbi 1941–1944: hronologija događaja. Istorijski arhiv. p. 195.
11. Pantelić, Ivan (1988). RUKOVOđENJE narodnooslobodilačkom borbom i revolucijom u Srbiji 1941-1945: zbornik radova sa tematske rasprave održane 11. i 12. maja 1988. Vojnoizdavački i novinski centar. p. 659.
12. Živković 2011, pp. 261, 262.
13. Živković 2011, p. 269.
14. Pantelić, Ivan (1988). RUKOVOđENJE narodnooslobodilačkom borbom i revolucijom u Srbiji 1941-1945: zbornik radova sa tematske rasprave održane 11. i 12. maja 1988. Vojnoizdavački i novinski centar. p. 660.
15. Radaković, Petko (1981), "Muslimanska milicija u službi okupatora", Užička Republika, Zapisi i sećanja – I (in Serbian), Užice: Muzej ustanka 1941, p. 662
16. Ćuković 1964, p. 209.
17. Lukić, Milisav (1972). Grebići: Ratni dnevnik 1942–1944. Republički Odbor Saveza udruženja boraca narodnooslobodilačkog rata SR Srbije; "Četvrti jul"; Čačak, Zajednica kulture i SUBNOR opštine. p. 476.
18. Kadenić, Rahmija; Petković, Radomir (1981). Ratna sećanja iz NOB, 1941–1942. Vojnoizdavački zavod. p. 196.

Sources

• Ćuković, Mirko (1964). Sandžak. Nolit-Prosveta.
• Živković, Milutin (2011). "Dešavanja u Sandžaku od julskog ustanka do kraja 1941 godine" (PDF). Baština (in Serbian). Priština, Leposavić: Institute for Serbian Culture. 31. Retrieved 12 June 2014.