Battle of the Ruhr

Battle of the Ruhr
Part of Strategic bombing during World War II
The Möhne dam after Operation Chastise
Date 5 March 1943 – 31 July 1943[1] Location Ruhr Area Result Allied victory Heavy damage to German industry[2][3]
Belligerents
United Kingdom  United States  Australia  Canada  New Zealand  South Africa	Nazi Germany
Commanders and leaders
Arthur Harris	Hermann Göring Josef Kammhuber
Strength
6 Groups of RAF Bomber Command 380 heavy and 160 medium bombers in March[4]	radar warning static gun emplacements day and night fighters
Casualties and losses
RAF Bomber Command 4.7% over 43 attacks (18,506 sorties)[5] 5,000 RAF aircrew[6] USAAF: unknown	Heavy

The Battle of the Ruhr of 1943 was a 5-month long campaign of strategic bombing during the Second World War against the Nazi Germany Ruhr Area, which had coke plants, steelworks, and 10 synthetic oil plants. The campaign bombed twenty-six major Combined Bomber Offensive targets.^[7] The targets included the Krupp armament works (Essen), the Nordstern synthetic-oil plant (Gelsenkirchen), and the Rheinmetal–Borsig plant in Düsseldorf. The latter was safely evacuated during the Battle of the Ruhr.^[5]Although not strictly part of the Ruhr area, the battle of the Ruhr included other cities such as Cologne which were within the Rhine-Ruhr region^[8] and considered part of the same "industrial complex".^[4] Some targets were not sites of heavy industrial production but part of the production and movement of materiel.

Although the Ruhr had always been a target for the RAF from the start of the war, the organized defences and the large amount of industrial pollutants produced that gave a semi-permanent smog or industrial haze hampered accurate bombing.^[4][9][10] Before the Battle of the Ruhr ended, Operation Gomorrah began the "Battle of Hamburg". Even after this switch of focus to Hamburg, there would be further raids on the Ruhr area by the RAF—in part to keep German defences dispersed, just as there had been raids on areas other than the Ruhr during the battle.^[4]

Offence and defence

The British bomber force was made up in the main of the twin-engined Vickers Wellington medium bomber and the four-engined "heavies", the Short Stirling, Handley Page Halifax and Avro Lancaster. The Wellington and Stirling were the two oldest designs and limited in the type or weight of bombs carried. The Stirling was also limited to a lower operational height. Bombers could carry a range of bombs - Medium Capacity bombs of about 50% explosive by weight, High Capacity "Blockbusters" that were mostly explosive, and incendiary devices. The combined use of the latter two were most effective in setting fires in urban areas.

British raids were by night - the losses in daylight raids having been too heavy to bear. By this point in the war, RAF Bomber Command were using navigation aids, the Pathfinder force and the bomber stream tactic together. Electronic navigation aids such as "Oboe", which had been tested against Essen in January 1943,^[1] meant the Pathfinders could mark the targets despite the industrial haze and cloud cover that obscured the area by night. Guidance markers put the main force over the target area, where they would then drop their bombloads on target markers. The bomber stream concentrated the force of bombers into a small time window, such that it overwhelmed fighter defences in the air and firefighting attempts on the ground. For most of the Battle of the Ruhr the Oboe de Havilland Mosquitoes came from one squadron, No. 109.^[4] The number of Oboe aircraft that could be used at any time was limited by the number of ground stations.^[4]

The USAAF had two 4-engined heavy bombers available: the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress and Consolidated B-24 Liberator - neither of these American heavy bomber designs had a bomb bay suitable to carry the RAF's blockbuster bombs or anything comparable. USAAF raids were by daylight, the closely massed groups of bombers covering each other with defensive fire against fighters. Between them, the Allies could mount "round the clock" bombing. The USAAF forces in the UK were still increasing during 1943 and the majority of the bombing was by the RAF.

The German defence was through anti-aircraft weapons and day and night fighters. The Kammhuber Line used radar to identify the bomber raids and then controllers directed night fighters onto the raiders. During the battle of the Ruhr, Bomber Command estimated about 70% of their aircraft losses were due to fighters.^[11] By July 1943, the German night fighter force totalled 550.^[4] Through the summer of 1943, the Germans increased the ground-based anti-aircraft defences in the Ruhr Area; by July 1943 there were more than 1,000 large flak guns (88 mm caliber guns or greater) and 1,500 lighter guns (chiefly 20 mm and 37 mm calibre).^[6][12] This was about one-third of all anti-aircraft guns in Germany.^[4] Six-hundred thousand personnel were required to man the AA defences of Germany.^[4] The British crews called the area sarcastically "Happy Valley"^[13] or the "valley of no Return".

Bombing during the Battle

Raids^[1]

Date	Target location
5 March	Essen	The opening of the battle of the Ruhr began with a 442 aircraft attack on Essen, the primary city targeted by the British Area bombing directive. Three waves of bombers (a mixture of Wellingtons, Halifaxes, Stirlings and Lancasters) dropped their incendiary and time-delayed bombs in under an hour. Only 153 aircraft bombed within three miles (5 km) of the aiming point[14] despite the target area marking by Pathfinders using Oboe. Fourteen aircraft were lost.[1]
9/10 March	Ruhr	8 Mosquitoes sent to Ruhr
10/11 March	Essen and Mulheim	2 Mosquitoes.
12/13 March	Essen	Raid by 457 aircraft - 158 Wellingtons, 156 Lancasters, 91 Halifaxes, 42 Stirlings, 10 Mosquitos on Krupp factory in Essen. 23 aircraft were lost.
26/27 March	Duisburg	Duisburg was attacked with a large force; cloud cover and problems with the Oboe Mosquitoes gave a "widely scattered raid"
29/30 March	Bochum	149 Wellingtons with marking by 8 Oboe Mosquitoes; raid was a failure due to cloud and problems skymarking - 8% aircraft loss. This raid occurred on the same night as a major raid on Berlin.
3/4 April	Essen	Essen was targeted by 956 dispatched bombers - 797 bombers attacked and 12 different cities were hit (three more Essen attacks were conducted within a week.).[15]
8/9 April	Duisburg	392 aircraft sent to Duisburg. 4.8% aircraft loss.[16]
9/10 April	Duisburg	104 Lancasters with 5 Mosquitoes. "Scattered attack", 8 aircraft lost.[16]
26/27 April	Duisburg	561 aircraft attacked Duisburg for 3% aircraft loss. Many buildings destroyed but most of the bombs had fallen to the north-east of Duisburg.[16]
30 April/1 May	Essen	305 aircraft with skymarking ("Musical Wanganui" method[17])by Oboe-equipped Mosquito due to expected cloud.[1]
17 May	Möhne and Eder Dams	Operation Chastise; 14 bombers in attack. Bouncing bombs breach the Möhne and Eder Dams, but fail to disrupt the water supply or hydroelectrical power to the Ruhr Area more than briefly. Aircraft loss was 40%.
4/5 May	Dortmund	596 aircraft in the first major attack on Dortmund.
13/14 May	Bochum	442 bombers of which 5.4% were lost. Bombing off target possible due to decoy markers.
23/24 May	Dortmund	826 bombers raided Dortmund dropping 2,000 tons of HE and incendiary bombs in an hour. Hoesch steelworks "ceased production"[18] RAF loss 4.8%.
25/26 May	Düsseldorf	729 against Düsseldorf. Two layers of cloud and decoy fires caused widely spread bombing. 3.6% of bombers lost.
27/28 May	Essen	518 against Essen with 4.4% loss. Scattered bombing led to damage to parts of Essen and 10 other towns
29/30 May	Wuppertal	719 bombers attacked Wuppertal; Oboe marking was used, and being relatively close to the UK maximum payloads were carried. With only light defences, the bombing force was able to deliver their bombs accurately 1,000 acres (4.0 km^2) of the old town burned down when a firestorm takes hold. "Five of the six major factories" were destroyed and the homes of 100,000.[6]^:415[19]
11/12 June	Düsseldorf	783 aircraft. Although initial marking was spot on for the first wave a backup marker Mosquito dropped target indicators 14 miles (23 km) off target to the north-east; with the effect that part of the bombing fell there.[20] 130 acres (0.53 km^2) of Düsseldorf claimed as destroyed. 4.9 per cent of force lost.
12/13 June 1943	Bochum	503 aircraft with targeting by Oboe skymarking. "severe damage to the centre of Bochum".[1] 4.8 per cent of the force
14/15 June	Oberhausen	197 Lancasters plus Oboe Mosquitoes which skymarked as cloud covered target. 8.4% aircraft loss.
16/17 June	Cologne	212 bombers. Marking by Pathfinder's heavy bombers with H2S. Cloud cover and equipment trouble gave scattered bombing. 14 bombers lost.
17/18 June	Cologne and Ruhr	3 Mosquitoes; no aircraft lost.
19/20	Cologne, Duisburg and Düsseldorf	6 Mosquitoes; no aircraft lost
21/22 June	Krefeld	A 705 aircraft raid on a moonlit night; 6.2 per cent of the force lost. Oboe Mosquitoes marked the ground in good visibility, the main force started a fire that "raged out of control, for several hours".[1]
22 June	Huls	USAAF daylight raid on synthetic rubber plant[21]
22/23 June	Mülheim	557 aircraft, marking through cloud layer. According to the post-war British Bombing Survey Unit, this raid destroyed 64% of the town.
24/25 June	Wuppertal	630 aircraft, post-war British estimates 94% of Elberfeld destroyed by this raid
25/26 June	Gelsenkirchen, Nordstern oil plant	473 RAF bombers unsuccessfully attack the Nordstern synthetic-oil plant at Gelsenkirchen due to cloud and "unserviceable" equipment on 5 of the 12 Oboe-equipped Mosquitoes
28/29 June	Cologne	608 aircraft with 4.1% lost. Only half the Oboe Mosquitoes sent were able to skymark.
9/10 July	Gelsenkirchen	418 bombers unsuccessfully attack Gelsenkirchen - Oboe equipment failed to operate in 5 of the Mosquitoes and a 6th marked 10 miles (16 km) north of the target.
25/26 July	Essen	A force of 600 bombers dropped their bombs on Essen over a period of less than an hour.[22] Goebbels recorded in his diary "last raid....complete stoppage of production in the Krupps works".[22]
30/31 July	Remscheid	The last raid of the Battle of the Ruhr attacked Remscheid with 273 aircraft. 5.5% of the attacking force was lost[1]

During the battle other German targets received large attacks.

• Berlin 27/28 March, 29/30 March
• Stettin (now Szczecin in modern Poland) 20/21 April

Outcome

In his study of the German war economy, Adam Tooze stated that during the Battle of the Ruhr, Bomber Command severely disrupted German production. Steel production fell by 200,000 tons. The armaments industry was facing a steel shortfall of 400,000 tons. After doubling production in 1942, production of steel increased only by 20 percent in 1943. Hitler and Speer were forced to cut planned increases in production. This disruption resulted in the Zulieferungskrise (sub-components crisis). The increase of aircraft production for the Luftwaffe also came to an abrupt halt. Monthly production failed to increase between July 1943 and March 1944. "Bomber Command had stopped Speer's armaments miracle in its tracks".^[23]

Devastation of Krupp factory, Essen, 1945

At Essen after more than 3,000 sorties and the loss of 138 aircraft, the "Krupps works...and the town...itself contained large areas of devastation"^[4] Krupps never restarted locomotive production after the second March raid.^[4]

Operation Chastise caused some temporary effect on industrial production, through the disruption of the water supply and hydroelectric power. The Eder Valley dam "had nothing whatsoever" to do with supplying the Ruhr Area.^[24] A backup pumping system had already been put in place for the Ruhr, and Speer's Organisation Todt rapidly mobilized repairs, taking workers from the construction of the Atlantic Wall. The destruction of the Sorpe dam would have caused significantly more damage but since it was a stronger design less likely to be breached it was effectively a secondary target.

Notes and references

Note a ^ According to Levine, there were few "very big industrial plants" suitable for specific targeting as was the case in Essen.^[5]

1. Staff. "Campaign Diary". Royal Air Force Bomber Command 60th Anniversary. UK Crown. Archived from the original on 7 June 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-24.
   1943: January, February, March, April, May, June, July
2. Tooze 2006, p. 598. During the Battle of the Ruhr, Bomber Command severely disrupted German production. Tooze states steel production fell by 200,000 tons and the armaments industry was facing a steel shortfall of 400,000 tons. After doubling production in 1942, production of steel increased only by 20 percent in 1943. Hitler and Speer were forced to cut planned increases in production. This disruption caused the zulieferungskrise (sub-components crisis). The increase of aircraft production for the Luftwaffe also came to an abrupt halt. Monthly production failed to increase between July 1943 and March 1944. Tooze concludes; "Bomber Command had stopped Speer's armamanets miracle in its tracks".
3. Frankland, Noble and Webster, Charles. The Strategic Air Offensive Against Germany, 1939-1945, Volume II: Endeavour, Part 4. Her Majesty's Stationery Office. London 1961, p. 141.
4. Thompson, H L (1956), "Chapter 3: Bomber Command and the Battle of the Ruhr", New Zealanders with the RAF (Vol II)
5. Levine, Alan J. The Strategic Bombing of Germany, 1940-1945. p. 53.
6. Blank, Ralf (1994). "Part 1: "Battle of the Ruhr", March–July 1943". Historisches Centrum Hagen. Retrieved 2009-01-22.
7. Gurney, Gene (Major, USAF) (1962). The War in the Air: a pictorial history of World War II Air Forces in combat. New York: Bonanza Books. p. 113.
8. Levine, Alan J. (1992). The Strategic Bombing of Germany, 1940-1945. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 51. ISBN 0-275-94319-4.
9. Butt Report, 1941
10. Bishop, Patrick Bomber Boys Fighting Back 1940-1945
11. Brown, Louis: A Radar History of World War II CRC Press, 1999
12. Blank. "Part 2: Large air defence in the Rhine-Ruhr area". Retrieved 2009-01-21.
13. "Battle of the Ruhr" Australian War Memorial
14. Davis, Richard D. (April 2006). Bombing of European Axis Powers. Air University Press. p. 109.
15. Davis, Richard D. (April 2006). Bombing of European Axis Powers. Air University Press. p. 68.
16. Staff. "Campaign Diary April 1943". Royal Air Force Bomber Command 60th Anniversary. UK Crown. Archived from the original on 7 June 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-24.
17. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-09-20. Retrieved 2009-01-27.
18. Staff. "Campaign Diary May 1943". Royal Air Force Bomber Command 60th Anniversary. UK Crown. Archived from the original on 29 May 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-24.
19. Maynard p124
20. Maynard p125
21. "8th Air Force 1943 Chronicles". Retrieved 2007-05-25.
    1943: March, April, May, June, July
22. RAF History - Bomber Command 60th Anniversary "No. 8 (Pathfinder Force) Group" Archived December 1, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
23. Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, London, Penguin, 2007(pbk), ISBN 978-0-14-100348-1 pp 597 - 8
24. Speer, Albert (1970). Inside the Third Reich. Translated by Richard; Clara Winston. New York and Toronto: Macmillan. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-684-82949-4. LCCN 70119132.

References

• "Royal Air Force Bomber Command 60th Anniversary background". raf.mod.uk. Archived from the original on 2009-10-12.
• Maynard, John Bennett and the Pathfinders Arms and Armour London 1996 ISBN 1-85409-258-8

External links