Biopterin

Biopterin

Names
IUPAC name 2-Amino-6-(1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-1H-pteridin-4-one
Identifiers
CAS Number	22150-76-1
3D model (Jmol)	Interactive image Interactive image
ChemSpider	392795
ECHA InfoCard	100.040.719
KEGG	C06313
MeSH	Biopterin
PubChem	445040
InChI InChI=1S/C9H11N5O3/c1-3(15)6(16)4-2-11-7-5(12-4)8(17)14-9(10)13-7/h2-3,6,15-16H,1H3,(H3,10,11,13,14,17)/t3-,6-/m0/s1 Key: LHQIJBMDNUYRAM-DZSWIPIPSA-N InChI=1/C9H11N5O3/c1-3(15)6(16)4-2-11-7-5(12-4)8(17)14-9(10)13-7/h2-3,6,15-16H,1H3,(H3,10,11,13,14,17) Key: LHQIJBMDNUYRAM-UHFFFAOYAC InChI=1/C9H11N5O3/c1-3(15)6(16)4-2-11-7-5(12-4)8(17)14-9(10)13-7/h2-3,6,15-16H,1H3,(H3,10,11,13,14,17)/t3-,6-/m0/s1 Key: LHQIJBMDNUYRAM-DZSWIPIPBD
SMILES O=C2\N=C(/Nc1ncc(nc12)C(O)C(O)C)N O=C2\N=C(/Nc1ncc(nc12)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)C)N
Properties
Chemical formula	C9H11N5O3
Molar mass	237.216 g/mol
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references

Biopterins are pterin derivatives which function as endogenous enzyme cofactors in many species of animals and in some bacteria and fungi. Biopterins act as cofactors for aromatic amino acid hydroxylases (AAAH), which are involved in the synthesis a number of neurotransmitters including dopamine, norepinephrine, epinepherine, and serotonin, along with several trace amines; nitric oxide synthesis also utilizes biopterin derivatives as cofactors. In humans, tetrahydrobiopterin is the endogenous cofactor for AAAH enzymes.

Compounds

Biopterin compounds found within the body include both BH4 and BH2.

Synthesis

Biopterin synthesis occurs through two principal pathways; the de novo pathway involves three enzymatic steps and proceeds from GTP, while the salvage pathway converts sepiapterin to biopterin.^[1] BH4 is the principal active cofactor, and a recycling pathway converts BH2 to BH4.

Biopterin disorders

A number of disorders of biopterin regulation exist.

Single-gene defects affecting the gene GCH1 block the first step in biopterin synthesis, and lead to dopamine-responsive dystonia, also known as Segawa's syndrome. This is due to the role of BH4 in synthesising neurotransmitters, including Dopamine, and is treated with supplementation with levodopa, which does not require BH4 for conversion to dopamine. GCH1 defects are autosomal dominant, meaning that only one defective gene copy is required for the condition to occur. Mouse gene knockout models that block biopterin synthesis completely die shortly after birth due to their inability to produce catecholamines and neurotransmitters.^[2] Biopterin synthesis disorders are also a cause of hyperphenylalaninemia; phenylalanine metabolism requires BH4 as a cofactor.^[3]

References

1. Nichol, C. A.; Lee, C. L.; Edelstein, M. P.; Chao, J. Y.; Duch, D. S. (1983). "Biosynthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin by de novo and salvage pathways in adrenal medulla extracts, mammalian cell cultures, and rat brain in vivo". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 80 (6): 1546–50. doi:10.1073/pnas.80.6.1546. PMC 393638. PMID 6572916.
2. Elzaouk, L; Leimbacher, W; Turri, M; Ledermann, B; Burki, K; Blau, N; Thony, B (2003). "Dwarfism and low insulin-like growth factor-1 due to dopamine depletion in Pts-/- mice rescued by feeding neurotransmitter precursors and H4-biopterin". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (30): 28303–11. doi:10.1074/jbc.M303986200. PMID 12734191.
3. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-06-29. Retrieved 2007-06-07.

External links

• Neurological aspects of biopterin metabolism

WiseGeek. (2012). What is biopterin?. Retrieved from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-biopterin.htm