Bloc Québécois

Bloc Québécois
Leader Rhéal Fortin (interim)
President Mario Beaulieu
Vice President Annie Lessard
Founded 15 June 1991 (1991-06-15)
Split from Progressive Conservatives,
Liberals
Headquarters 3750, boulevard Crémazie Est
Suite 502
Montreal, Quebec
H2A 1B6
Youth wing Forum jeunesse du Bloc Québécois
Membership 19,000[1]
Ideology Quebec nationalism
Quebec sovereigntism
Social democracy[2]
Political position Centre-left[3]
Colours Light blue
Seats in the House of Commons
10 / 338
Seats in the Senate
0 / 105
Website
www.blocquebecois.org

The Bloc Québécois (BQ) (French pronunciation: ​[blɔk kebekwa]) is a federal political party in Canada devoted to Quebec nationalism and the promotion of Quebec sovereignty. The Bloc was formed by Members of Parliament who defected from the federal Progressive Conservative Party and Liberal Party during the collapse of the Meech Lake Accord. Founder Lucien Bouchard was a cabinet minister in the federal Progressive Conservative government of Brian Mulroney.

The party seeks to create the conditions necessary for the political secession of Quebec from Canada and campaigns actively only within the province during federal elections. The party has been described as social-democratic[4] and separatist.[5][6]

The Bloc was the largest party in Quebec, and either the second or third largest party in the House of Commons, for seven straight federal elections, from the 1993 election until 2011. The 2011 election saw the party win four seats and lose official party status after a wave of support for the New Democratic Party. By 2014 the party had been reduced to two seats because of resignations and expulsions. In the 2015 federal election, the Bloc won 10 seats in the House of Commons, even though the party's leader Gilles Duceppe failed to win a seat.

The Bloc has strong informal ties to the Parti Québécois (PQ, whose members are known as Péquistes), the provincial party that advocates for the secession of Quebec from Canada and its independence, but the two are not linked organizationally. As with its provincial counterpart, the Bloc Québécois has been supported by a wide range of voters in Quebec, from sections of organized labour to more conservative rural voters.[7][8] Members and supporters are known in French as Bloquistes (pronounced: [blɔkist]).

Positions and ideologies

An incomplete list of Bloc Québécois political positions. Among other things the Bloc Québécois has advocated are:

History

Origins

The Bloc Québécois was formed in 1991 as an informal coalition of Progressive Conservative and Liberal Members of Parliament from Quebec, who left their original parties around the time of the defeat of the Meech Lake Accord. The party was intended to be temporary and was given the goal of the promotion of sovereignty at the federal level. The party aimed to disband following a successful referendum on secession from Canada. As with most parties, it has gained and lost prominent supporters over the years.[26]

The initial coalition that led to the Bloc was headed by Lucien Bouchard, who had been federal Minister of the Environment in the Progressive Conservative government of Brian Mulroney.[26] Bouchard abandoned the government in May 1990 in response to the report of a commission headed by Jean Charest that suggested changes to the Meech Lake Accord. Bouchard felt the recommendations for change undermined the objectives and spirit of the accord. According to The Secret Mulroney Tapes he was fired by Prime Minister Mulroney. Bouchard was joined by five of his fellow Tories, Nic Leblanc, Louis Plamondon, Benoît Tremblay, Gilbert Chartrand, and François Gérin, along with two Liberals, Gilles Rocheleau and Jean Lapierre. The first Bloquiste candidate to be elected was Gilles Duceppe, then a union organizer, in a by-election for the Montreal riding of Laurier—Sainte-Marie on 13 August 1990.[26][27] He ran as an independent, since the Bloc had not been registered as a federal party. Jean Lapierre renounced separatism and rejoined the Liberals during the leadership of Paul Martin.

First election

Logo of the Bloc Québécois in the 1990s to 2000s

In the 1993 federal election, the Bloc won 54 seats (out of 75) in Quebec, sweeping nearly all of the francophone ridings. Because the opposition vote in the rest of Canada was split between the Reform Party, the Progressive Conservative Party, and the New Democratic Party, the Bloc narrowly won the second largest number of seats in the House of Commons, and therefore became the official opposition. While Reform finished second in the national popular vote, the Bloc's heavy concentration of support in Quebec was slightly larger than Reform's concentration in the West.[28]

Soon after the new Parliament was sworn in, Bouchard announced that Bloquiste MPs would only speak French on the floor of the House of Commons, a policy that remains in force to this day. This was out of necessity; although Bouchard and most of the Bloc's founding members were fluently bilingual in French and English, Bouchard had discovered that most of his large caucus could not speak English well enough to use it in debate.

The election of such a relatively large number of Bloquistes was the first of The Three Periods, a plan intended to lay out the way to sovereignty created by PQ leader Jacques Parizeau. Parizeau became Premier of Quebec in the Quebec election of 1994 (the second of the Three Periods).

Because the Bloc was the official opposition, it had considerable privileges over the other parties although all of its MPs had been elected in one province. For instance, Question Periods during the 35th Parliament were dominated by issues of national unity. However, the governing Liberals regarded Reform as their main opposition on non-Quebec matters. Also, in 1995, when Bouchard garnered an invitation to meet visiting US President Bill Clinton by virtue of being Opposition Leader, Reform leader Preston Manning was also given a meeting with Clinton in order to defuse Bouchard's separatist leverage.[29]

1995 Quebec referendum

In 1995, the PQ government called the second referendum on independence in Quebec history. The Bloc entered the campaign for the Oui (Yes) side (in favour of sovereignty). The Oui side's campaign had a difficult beginning, so the leadership of the campaign was shifted from PQ leader Jacques Parizeau to Bloc leader Lucien Bouchard. Bouchard was seen as more charismatic and more moderate, and therefore more likely to attract voters.[30]

A "tripartite agreement" mapping out the plan for accession to independence was written and signed by the leaders of the Parti Québécois, the Bloc Québécois and the Action démocratique du Québec on 12 June 1995.[31] It revived René Lévesque's notion that the referendum should be followed by the negotiating of an association agreement between an independent Quebec and the rest of Canada. This provision was inspired by Bouchard. Parizeau had previously wanted a vote simply on independence. The difference became moot when 50.6% of voters taking part in the referendum rejected the sovereignty plan. An overwhelming "Non" vote in Montreal tipped the balance.

The day after the referendum, Parizeau stepped down as PQ leader and Premier of Quebec. Bouchard left federal politics and succeeded Parizeau in both posts on 26 January 1996.

New leaders

Following Bouchard's departure from Ottawa, Michel Gauthier became leader of the Bloc. In the wake of the referendum defeat, Gauthier proved unable to hold the fractious caucus together and resigned as leader just one year later. Gilles Duceppe, who had served as interim leader between Bouchard and Gauthier, became leader of the Bloc in 1997 and remained leader up until 2011, resigning after the 2011 federal election.[32][33]

Gilles Duceppe announced on 11 May 2007 that he would run for the leadership of the Parti Québécois to replace André Boisclair, who resigned on 8 May 2007, after the poor performance in the March 2007 Quebec provincial election and internal dissent forced him to step down. Duceppe announced the next day that he was withdrawing from the race, and that he would support Pauline Marois who had also announced her intention to run.[34]

Declining fortunes

In the 1997 federal election, the Bloc Québécois dropped to 44 seats, losing official opposition status to the Reform Party. The 1997–2000 term was marked by the Bloc's fight against the passage of the Clarity Act, the attempt by Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chrétien (himself a Quebecer who represented a strongly nationalist riding) and Stéphane Dion, a Quebec minister in Chrétien's cabinet, to codify the Supreme Court of Canada's 1998 decision that Quebec could not secede unilaterally.[35]

In the 2000 election, the Bloc dropped further to 38 seats, despite polling a larger percentage of the vote than at the previous election. One factor was the forced merger of several major Quebec cities, such as Montreal, Quebec City and Hull/Gatineau. The merger was very unpopular in those areas, resulting in Liberal wins in several of the merged areas. This was still more than the number of seats the Liberals had won in Quebec. However, the Liberals won several subsequent by-elections during the life of the resulting Parliament, until the Liberals had held the majority of Quebec's seats in the Commons for the first time since the 1984 federal election. From then to the subsequent election, the Bloc continued to denounce the federal government's interventions in what the Bloc saw as exclusively provincial jurisdictions. The Bloc credits its actions for the uncovering of what has since become the sponsorship scandal.[36]

Comeback

The Bloc continued to slide in most of the 2003 opinion polls following the 2003 Quebec election which was won by the federalist Quebec Liberal Party led by Jean Charest. However, things changed during the winter of 2003. The federalist Charest government lost popularity. Then, in February 2004, the Auditor General of Canada uncovered the sponsorship scandal, suggesting illegality in the spending of federal monies in Quebec in support of Canadian unity. As well, the Liberal government of Jean Chrétien passed party financing legislation that resulted in the Bloc receiving millions of dollars in subsidies that helped to stabilize its organization.[37]

For the 2004 election the Bloc adopted the slogan Un parti propre au Québec, a play on words that can be translated either as "A party of Quebec's own" ("a party proper to Quebec") or as "A clean party in Quebec". The Bloc won 54 seats in the House of Commons, tying its previous record from the 1993 campaign. For the 2006 election, the Bloc used the slogan Heureusement, ici, c'est le Bloc! ("Fortunately, the Bloc is here!").[38] The Bloc were expected to easily win more than 60 seats at the start of the campaign, and they did in fact take six seats from the Liberals. However, the unexpected surge of the new Conservative Party of Canada in parts of Quebec, particularly in and around Quebec City, led to the Bloc losing eight seats to the Tories. Coupled with an additional loss to André Arthur, an independent candidate, the Bloc recorded a net loss of three seats.[39]

The Conservative Party won a plurality (but not a majority) of seats in the House of Commons, thus forming a minority government. There was persistent speculation as to the possibility of the Bloc forming alliances with other opposition parties to wrest the government away from the Conservatives. Duceppe, whose leadership was confirmed after the election, maintained that the Bloc would continue to co-operate with other opposition parties or with the government when this advantaged Quebec, but would not participate in a federal government.

On 2 May 2006, a poll revealed that for the first time, the Conservatives were ahead of the Bloc among Quebec voters (34% against 31%). Duceppe announced the Bloc would support Prime Minister Stephen Harper's budget that same day. By October polls showed that the Bloc was up to mid forties whereas the Conservatives fell into the teens behind Liberals in their poll numbers in Quebec.

Slight gains

The Bloc made slight gains following the 2008 federal elections as they won 49 seats, one more than the amount they had before the previous parliament was dissolved. In that election, they used the slogan "Présent pour le Québec" ("Present for Quebec"). Although they made small gains in relation to the amount of seats at dissolution, they fell by 2 seats to 49 in comparison to the 51 they received in 2006. Also, the proportion of popular votes in the province was down 4 points to 38.1%, the Bloc's lowest score since 1997.

In a speech in front of his supporters following the election, BQ leader Gilles Duceppe claimed to have achieved his objectives, adding: "without the Bloc Québécois tonight, Mr. Harper would have formed a majority government".[40]

At the end of November 2008, the Bloc indicated that it would support a possible motion of no confidence against the governing Conservatives by the two other opposition parties, and would support the resulting Liberal-NDP coalition government at least until June 2010, without actually being part of the government.[41]

Coalition attempt

On 26 March 2011, Bloc Québécois leader Duceppe stated that Conservative leader Stephen Harper had in 2004 tried to form a coalition government with the Bloc and NDP in response to Harper's allegations that the Liberals intended to form a coalition with the Bloc and the NDP.[42] Two months after the 2004 federal election, Stephen Harper privately met with BQ leader Gilles Duceppe and New Democratic Party leader Jack Layton in a Montreal hotel.[43] On 9 September 2004, the three signed a letter addressed to then-Governor General Adrienne Clarkson, stating,

We respectfully point out that the opposition parties, who together constitute a majority in the House, have been in close consultation. We believe that, should a request for dissolution arise, this should give you cause, as constitutional practice has determined, to consult the opposition leaders and consider all of your options before exercising your constitutional authority.[43]

On the same day the letter was written, the three party leaders held a joint press conference at which they expressed their intent to co-operate on changing parliamentary rules, and to request that the Governor General consult with them before deciding to call an election.[44] At the news conference, Harper said: "It is the Parliament that's supposed to run the country, not just the largest party and the single leader of that party. That's a criticism I've had and that we've had and that most Canadians have had for a long, long time now so this is an opportunity to start to change that." However, at the time, Harper and the two other opposition leaders denied trying to form a coalition government, despite the letter written to the Governor General.[43] Harper said, "This is not a coalition, but this is a co-operative effort."[44]

One month later, on 4 October 2004, journalist Mike Duffy, (later appointed as a Conservative senator by Harper in December 2008), said "It is possible that you could change prime minister without having an election", and that some Conservatives wanted Harper as prime minister. The next day Layton walked out on talks with Harper and Duceppe, accusing them of trying to replace Paul Martin with Harper as prime minister. Both Bloc and Conservative officials denied Layton's accusations.[43]

Loss of official party status

In the 2011 federal election, in the wake of a surge of support for the New Democratic Party, the Bloc received less than a quarter of the popular vote in Quebec (and less than 6% of the national vote). It lost 44 of the 47 seats it held at parliament's dissolution, and only added one seat, which had been vacated by a Bloc Québécois member six months prior to the election. The seats lost included that of Duceppe, who resigned as party president and leader. It also lost all but one of its seats in Montreal. With few exceptions, the Bloc's seats were won by the NDP, though the Bloc did not suffer as severe a beating as the one it handed the PCs 18 years earlier.

By winning only four seats the Bloc failed to reach the minimum of 12 seats required for official party status in the House of Commons. MPs without official party status are treated as independents and must sit in the back row of the opposition benches. They are permitted just a few questions each week in question period and cannot sit as voting members on parliamentary committees.[45][46]

Elected to Parliament in this election were incumbents Louis Plamondon, André Bellavance, Maria Mourani and rookie MP Jean-François Fortin. When the 41st Canadian Parliament convened on 2 June 2011, Plamondon became the Bloc's interim parliamentary leader.[47] Vivian Barbot served as interim leader and party president following Duceppe's resignation until the party's 2011 leadership election.[48]

Leadership election, 2011

The Bloc Québécois leadership election campaign to choose a permanent successor to Duceppe began on 17 September 2011 and concluded on 11 December[49] with the election of former MP for Hochelaga Daniel Paillé as party leader.[50][51] Plamondon, the longest-serving member of the Commons, served as parliamentary leader during Paillé's tenure as he did not have a seat.

On 28 February 2013, Claude Patry defected from the New Democratic Party and joined the Bloc, quoting his disagreement with the New Democratic Party on the subject of Quebec sovereignty, bringing the party's total seats in Parliament up to five.[52]

The caucus fell back to 4 MPs on 12 September 2013 when Mourani, the party's only remaining member from Montreal, was expelled for her comments criticizing the Parti Québécois government's proposed Charter of Quebec Values.[53]

Leadership election, 2014

Paillé stepped down as leader on 16 December 2013 because of health reasons.[54] A leadership election was held the following June.[55]

Hardliner Mario Beaulieu, a former president of the Société Saint-Jean-Baptiste who had never been either a Member of Parliament or a member of Quebec's National Assembly, was elected party leader after running on a platform of prioritizing Quebec independence above all else. He defeated BQ Member of Parliament André Bellavance, who had campaigned on a platform of broadening the Bloc beyond being a coalition of sovereigntists and had been endorsed by the rest of the party's caucus.[56]

Defections

On 12 August 2014, the caucus was reduced to three MPs when the Bloc's interim parliamentary leader, Jean-François Fortin, quit the party to sit as an independent saying that the Bloc Québécois he had joined no longer exists and that Beaulieu had destroyed its credibility.[57] On 25 August 2014, former interim parliamentary leader and failed leadership contender André Bellavance also resigned, reducing the Bloc to two MPs – one of whom, Claude Patry, has announced that he will not be running for re-election.[58] On December 31, 2014, the party's vice president, Annie Lessard, resigned after a personality conflict with Leader Mario Beaulieu.[59]

Return of Duceppe

With two seats left in parliament, and with the party languishing in the polls a few months before an expected election campaign, it was announced June 10, 2015 that Gilles Duceppe would be returning to lead the party into the campaign; Beaulieu would relinquish the leadership but remain party president.[60] The party executive agreed on June 9, 2015, to split the positions of president and party leader in order to facilitate Duceppe's return. The changes were approved by the party's general council on July 1.[61][62][62][63]

Departure of Duceppe

During the 2015 federal election the Bloc Québécois had hoped to pick up seats from the collapsing NDP vote, however, most Quebecers instead switched their allegiance to the Liberals and Conservatives rather than back to the Bloc. While the Bloc managed to win 10 seats, more than twice that of the previous election, it was not enough to gain official party status. The party's share of the popular vote in Quebec fell to 19%, its lowest point to date. As in 2011, Duceppe failed to win his own seat, and resigned again as party leader.[64] The party is now led on an interim basis by Rhéal Fortin with the next Bloc Québécois leadership election expected to be held in 2017.

Relationship to Parti Québécois

The Parti Québécois has close ties to the Bloc and shares its principal objective of independence for Quebec. The two parties have backed each other during election campaigns, and prominent members of each party often attend and speak at the other's public events. In addition, the majority of each party's membership holds membership in both parties. However, on an organizational level the parties are separate entities – the Bloc is not the federal wing of the Parti Québécois, nor the PQ the provincial wing of the Bloc.

Lucien Bouchard has been the leader of both parties. Michel Gauthier, once Bloc's leader, was a PQ member of the National Assembly of Quebec from 1981 until 1988. Former party leader Daniel Paillé was also a PQ member of the National Assembly of Quebec from 1994 to 1996, and a BQ member of Parliament from 2009 to 2011.

In June 2014, Mario Beaulieu, a former PQ riding president and Bloc candidate, was elected leader of the Bloc Québécois. Notwithstanding his previous ties to both parties, Beaulieu has been critical of what he sees as a too timid approach to sovereignty by both the Bloc and PQ. Beaulieu's election as Bloc leader was more warmly received by the PQ's rival party, Option nationale, than by the PQ.[65][66][67]

In the 2015 election, Parti Québécois leader Pierre-Karl Péladeau officially endorsed the Bloc, despite earlier calling the party useless.[68] Several incumbent PQ MNAs including Bernard Drainville,[69] Stéphane Bergeron,[70] Maka Kotto,[71] Dave Turcotte[72] and Agnès Maltais[73] also endorsed the Bloc and campaigned for local candidates.

Party leaders

Picture Name Term start Term end Riding while leader Notes
Lucien Bouchard 25 July 1990 16 January 1996 Lac-Saint-Jean First leader
Gilles Duceppe (interim) 16 January 1996 17 February 1996 Laurier—Sainte-Marie Interim leader
Michel Gauthier 17 February 1996 15 March 1997 Roberval—Lac-Saint-Jean
Gilles Duceppe 15 March 1997 2 May 2011 Laurier—Sainte-Marie
Vivian Barbot (interim) 2 May 2011 11 December 2011 None - lost 2011 election in the riding of Papineau Served as interim leader and president of the party.[48] Louis Plamondon was acting leader in the House of Commons.
Daniel Paillé 11 December 2011 16 December 2013 None - lost 2011 election in the riding of Hochelaga Stepped down as leader on 16 December 2013 because of health reasons.[54]
vacant 16 December 2013 25 June 2014 N/A André Bellavance was acting leader in the House of Commons until 26 February 2014, when he declared his candidacy for leader.[74] Jean-François Fortin replaced Bellavance as leader in the House of Commons. Party vice president Annie Lessard was the acting president of the party.[75]
Mario Beaulieu 25 June 2014 10 June 2015 None Elected leader on 14 June 2014, and assumed the role on 25 June 2014. Fortin, who resigned as the Bloc's interim parliamentary leader and quit the party to sit as an independent on 12 August 2014, was replaced by Plamondon as the Bloc's interim parliamentary leader on 26 August 2014. Beaulieu relinquishes the party leadership on 10 June 2015 but remains party president.[60]
Gilles Duceppe 10 June 2015[76] 22 October 2015 None - lost 2015 election in the riding of Laurier—Sainte-Marie Returns as leader but not as party president.[60]Appointed leader by party executive on 10 June; appointment ratified by the party's general council on 1 July.[61][62]
Rhéal Fortin (interim) 22 October 2015 Rivière-du-Nord

Election results

Election Leader Votes % (Quebec) % (Canada) Seats (Quebec) Seats (Canada) +/– Position Government
1993 Lucien Bouchard 1,846,024 49.3 13.5
54 / 75
54 / 295
 Increase 44 Increase 2nd Opposition
1997 Gilles Duceppe 1,385,821 37.9 10.7
44 / 75
44 / 301
 Decrease 10 Decrease 3rd Third party
2000 Gilles Duceppe 1,377,727 39.9 10.7
38 / 75
38 / 301
 Decrease 6 Steady 3rd Third party
2004 Gilles Duceppe 1,680,109 48.9 12.4
54 / 75
54 / 308
 Increase 16 Steady 3rd Third party
2006 Gilles Duceppe 1,553,201 42.1 10.5
51 / 75
51 / 308
 Decrease 3 Steady 3rd Third party
2008 Gilles Duceppe 1,379,628 38.1 10.0
49 / 75
49 / 308
 Decrease 2 Steady 3rd Third party
2011 Gilles Duceppe 889,788 23.4 6.0
4 / 75
4 / 308
 Decrease 45 Decrease 4th No status
2015 Gilles Duceppe 818,652 19.3 4.7
10 / 78
10 / 338
 Increase 6 Steady 4th No status

See also

References

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  43. 1 2 3 4 "Harper, Layton, Duceppe sought 'co-opposition' in 2004 letter to GG". Montreal Gazette. 27 March 2011. Archived from the original on 1 April 2011.
  44. 1 2 Chung, Andrew (26 March 2011). "Bloc leader accuses Harper of lying about coalition". Toronto Star. Retrieved 27 March 2011.
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  46. ↑ "Bloc to seek party status, new leader: MP". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 10 May 2011. Retrieved 26 May 2013.
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  48. 1 2 "LEADERSHIP ROLES". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 28 May 2013.
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  51. ↑ "Daniel Paille new leader of Bloc Quebecois". CBC News, 11 December 2011.
  52. ↑ "Mulcair calls on Patry to resign seat after defection to Bloc". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 28 February 2013. Retrieved 7 May 2013.
  53. ↑ "Bloc kicks out MP who spoke against Quebec religious-symbols ban". Globe and Mail. 12 September 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
  54. 1 2 "Daniel Paillé, leader of Bloc Québécois, to resign". CBC News. 16 December 2013. Retrieved 16 December 2013.
  55. ↑ "Bloc Quebecois to pick new leader in May to replace Daniel Paille". The Gazette. 12 January 2014. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
  56. ↑ "Bloc Québécois leadership candidate Mario Beaulieu wants to put sovereignty back on the front burner". Montreal Gazette. 30 April 2014. Archived from the original on 3 May 2014. Retrieved 3 May 2014.
  57. ↑ "Jean-Francois Fortin quits Bloc, says party no longer exists under new leader". CBC News. 12 August 2014. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  58. ↑ "Another Bloc MP quits party, leaving only two in Parliament". Globe and Mail. 25 August 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
  59. ↑ http://montreal.ctvnews.ca/bloc-quebecois-vp-annie-lessard-resigns-1.2167945
  60. 1 2 3 "illes Duceppe returns to lead Bloc Quebecois". CTV News. June 10, 2015. Retrieved June 10, 2015.
  61. 1 2 http://www.cbc.ca/m/news/canada/montreal/gilles-duceppe-officially-named-leader-of-bloc-qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois-1.3135046
  62. 1 2 3 "Returning Bloc leader Gilles Duceppe targets NDP for fall election". Globe and Mail. June 10, 2015. Retrieved June 10, 2015.
  63. ↑ "Gilles Duceppe announces return to Bloc Québécois leadership". CBC News. June 10, 2015.
  64. ↑ http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/former-pq-interim-leader-stephane-bedard-leaving-politics/article26925216/
  65. ↑ Don, Macpherson. "Mario Beaulieu's victory shows the Bloc's irrelevance". The Gazette.
  66. ↑ "Les députés bloquistes lancent un appel au calme". Huffington Post. 16 June 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
  67. ↑ Gagnon, Lysiane (18 June 2014). "Will the Bloc Self-Destruct?". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
  68. ↑ "Peladeau offers tepid support for Bloc Quebecois at weekend rally for leader". Montreal. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
  69. ↑ https://twitter.com/BDrainvillePQ/status/654390732942409728
  70. ↑ https://twitter.com/sbergeron/status/654399539793653760
  71. ↑ https://twitter.com/Maka_Kotto/status/650128869471703041
  72. ↑ https://twitter.com/daveturcotte/status/654002067749666817
  73. ↑ https://twitter.com/AgnesMaltais/status/653232306979774464
  74. ↑ "BELLAVANCE, André, B.A.". Parliement of Canada. Retrieved 26 April 2014.
  75. ↑ "Bloc Québécois PARLINFO". Parliament of Canada.
  76. ↑ "DUCEPPE, Gilles". House of Commons of Canada. Retrieved August 8, 2015.

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