Bilen language

Bilen
ብሊና
Region	central Eritrea and eastern Sudan
Ethnicity	Bilen people
Native speakers	91,000 (2006)^[1]
Language family	Afro-Asiatic Cushitic Agaw Northern Bilen
Language codes
ISO 639-2	`byn`
ISO 639-3	`byn`
Glottolog	`bili1260`^[2]

The Bilen language (ብሊና b(ɨ)lina) is spoken by the Bilen people in and around the city of Keren in Eritrea and Kassala in eastern Sudan. It is the only Agaw (Central Cushitic) language spoken in Eritrea.

Spelling of the name

"Blin" is the English spelling preferred by native speakers, but Bilin and Bilen are also commonly used. Bilin is the reference name arbitrarily used in the current initial English editions of ISO 639-3, but Blin is also listed as an equivalent name without preference. In the English list of ISO 639-2, Blin is listed in first position in both English and French lists, when Bilin is listed as an alternate name in the English list, and Bilen is the alternate name in the French list. The Ethnologue report lists Bilen as the preferred name, but also Bogo, Bogos, Bilayn, Bilin, Balen, Beleni, Belen, Bilein, Bileno, North Agaw as alternative names.

Phonology

It is not clear if Bilen has tone. It may have pitch accent (Fallon 2004) as prominent syllables always have a high tone, but not all words have such a syllable.

Vowels

**Vowel phonemes**
	Front	Central	Back
High	i	ɨ	u
Mid	e	ə	o
Low		a

Consonants

Note: /tʃ/ is found in loans, and the status of /ʔ/ as a phoneme is uncertain.

/r/ is typically realised as a tap when it is medial and a trill when it is in final position.

**Consonant phonemes**
		Bilabial	Labio- dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar or palatal	Velar		Pharyn- geal	Glottal
		Bilabial	Labio- dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar or palatal	plain	labialized	Pharyn- geal	Glottal
Plosive / Affricate	voiceless			t	(tʃ)	k	kʷ		(ʔ)
	voiced	b		d	dʒ	a	ɡʷ
	ejective			tʼ	tʃʼ	kʼ	kʷʼ
Nasal		m		n		ŋ	ŋʷ
Fricative	voiceless		f	s	ʃ	x	xʷ	ħ	ɨ
Fricative	voiced			z				ʕ
Rhotic				r
Approximant	central				j		w
Approximant	lateral			l

Fallon (2001, 2004) notes intervocalic lenition, such as /b/ → [β]; syncope, as in the name of the language, /bɨlín/ → [blín]; debuccalization with secondary articulation preserved, as in /dérekʷʼa → [dɛ́rɛʔʷa] 'mud for bricks'. Intriguingly, the ejectives have voiced allophones, which according to Fallon (2004) "provides an important empirical precedent" for one of the more criticized aspects of the glottalic theory of Indo-European. For example,

Ejective consonant	Voiced allophone	Gloss
/laħátʃʼɨna/	[laħádʒɨna]	'to bark'
/kʼaratʃʼna/	[kʼaradʒna]	'to cut'
/kʷʼakʷʼito/	[ɡʷaʔʷito]	'he was afraid'

Writing system

Ge'ez abugida

A writing system for Bilen was first developed by missionaries who used the Ge'ez abugida and the first text was published in 1882. Although the Ge'ez script is usually used for Semitic languages, the phonemes of Bilen are very similar (7 vowels, labiovelar and ejective consonants). The script therefore requires only a slight modification (the addition of consonants for ŋ and ŋʷ) to make it suitable for Bilen. Some of the additional symbols required to write Bilen with this script are in the "Ethiopic Extended" Unicode range rather than the "Ethiopic" range.

Agaw/Bilen syllables are among the Ethiopic glyphs computerized by Dr. Aberra Molla in the 1980s.

**Blin Ethiopic Characters**
IPA	e	u	i	a	ie	ɨ/-	o	ʷe	ʷi	ʷa	ʷie	ʷɨ/-
ɨ	ሀ	ሁ	ሂ	ሃ	ሄ	ህ	ሆ
l	ለ	ሉ	ሊ	ላ	ሌ	ል	ሎ
ħ	ሐ	ሑ	ሒ	ሓ	ሔ	ሕ	ሖ
m	መ	ሙ	ሚ	ማ	ሜ	ም	ሞ
s	ሰ	ሱ	ሲ	ሳ	ሴ	ስ	ሶ
ʃ	ሸ	ሹ	ሺ	ሻ	ሼ	ሽ	ሾ
r	ረ	ሩ	ሪ	ራ	ሬ	ር	ሮ
kʼ	ቀ	ቁ	ቂ	ቃ	ቄ	ቅ	ቆ	ቈ	ቊ	ቋ	ቌ	ቍ
ʁ	ቐ	ቑ	ቒ	ቓ	ቔ	ቕ	ቖ	ቘ	ቚ	ቛ	ቜ	ቝ
b	በ	ቡ	ቢ	ባ	ቤ	ብ	ቦ
t	ተ	ቱ	ቲ	ታ	ቴ	ት	ቶ
n	ነ	ኑ	ኒ	ና	ኔ	ን	ኖ
ʔ	አ	ኡ	ኢ	ኣ	ኤ	እ	ኦ
k	ከ	ኩ	ኪ	ካ	ኬ	ክ	ኮ	ኰ	ኲ	ኳ	ኴ	ኵ
x	ኸ	ኹ	ኺ	ኻ	ኼ	ኽ	ኾ	ዀ	ዂ	ዃ	ዄ	ዅ
w	ወ	ዉ	ዊ	ዋ	ዌ	ው	ዎ
ʕ	ዐ	ዑ	ዒ	ዓ	ዔ	ዕ	ዖ
j	የ	ዩ	ዪ	ያ	ዬ	ይ	ዮ
d	ደ	ዱ	ዲ	ዳ	ዴ	ድ	ዶ
dʒ	ጀ	ጁ	ጂ	ጃ	ጄ	ጅ	ጆ
a	ገ	ጉ	ጊ	ጋ	ጌ	ግ	ጎ	ጐ	ጒ	ጓ	ጔ	ጕ
ŋ	ጘ	ጙ	ጚ	ጛ	ጜ	ጝ	ጞ	ⶓ	ⶔ	ጟ	ⶕ	ⶖ
tʼ	ጠ	ጡ	ጢ	ጣ	ጤ	ጥ	ጦ
tʃʼ	ጨ	ጩ	ጪ	ጫ	ጬ	ጭ	ጮ
f	ፈ	ፉ	ፊ	ፋ	ፌ	ፍ	ፎ
z	ዘ	ዙ	ዚ	ዛ	ዜ	ዝ	ዞ
ʒ	ዠ	ዡ	ዢ	ዣ	ዤ	ዥ	ዦ
tʃ	ቸ	ቹ	ቺ	ቻ	ቼ	ች	ቾ
r	ኘ	ኙ	ኚ	ኛ	ኜ	ኝ	ኞ
sʼ	ጸ	ጹ	ጺ	ጻ	ጼ	ጽ	ጾ
pʼ	ጰ	ጱ	ጲ	ጳ	ጴ	ጵ	ጶ
p	ፐ	ፑ	ፒ	ፓ	ፔ	ፕ	ፖ
v	ቨ	ቩ	ቪ	ቫ	ቬ	ቭ	ቮ
IPA	e	u	i	a	ie	ɨ/-	o	ʷe	ʷi	ʷa	ʷie	ʷɨ/-

Latin alphabet

In 1985 the Eritrean People's Liberation Front decided to use the Latin script for Bilen and all other non-Semitic languages in Eritrea. This was largely a political decision: the Ge'ez script is associated with Christianity because of its liturgical use. The Latin alphabet is seen as being more neutral. In 1993 the government set up a committee to standardize the Bilen language and the Latin-based orthography (Fallon, Bilen Orthography ^[3]).

As of 1997, the alphabetic order was:

e, u, i, a, é, o, b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z, ñ, ñw, th, ch, sh, kh, kw, hw, qw, gw.

Also khw.

Their values are similar to the IPA apart from the following:

Letter	Value
é	ɨ
c	ʕ
j	dʒ
q	kʼ
x	ħ
y	j
ñ	ŋ
th	tʼ
ch	tʃʼ
sh	ʃ
kh	x

References

↑ Bilen at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). "Bilin". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
↑ Paul D. Fallon (18 September 2006). "Blin Orthography: A History and an Assessment" (PDF). Retrieved 1 June 2014.

Consonant Mutation and Reduplication in Blin Singulars and Plurals
Language, Education, and Public Policy in Eritrea
Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William, eds. (1996). "Ethiopic Writing". The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press, Inc. p. 573. ISBN 978-0-19-507993-7.
"Some Standardization of Blin Writing" (PDF). Retrieved 20 February 2012.
"Principles and Specification for Mnemonic Ethiopic Keyboards" (PDF). Retrieved 20 February 2012.

External links

Online Blin language tutorial

Languages of Eritrea

Working languages	Tigrinya Arabic English

National languages	Afar Beja Bilen Kunama Nara Saho Tigre

Other languages	Bitama Dahalik Italian