Cauliflower

For other uses, see Cauliflower (disambiguation).
Cauliflower

Cauliflower, cultivar unknown
Species Brassica oleracea
Cultivar group Botrytis cultivar group
Origin Northeast Mediterranean
Cultivar group members Many; see text.
Cauliflower plants growing in a nursery in New Jersey.

Cauliflower is one of several vegetables in the species Brassica oleracea, in the family Brassicaceae. It is an annual plant that reproduces by seed. Typically, only the head (the white curd) is eaten. The cauliflower head is composed of a white inflorescence meristem. Cauliflower heads resemble those in broccoli, which differs in having flower buds. Brassica oleracea also includes broccoli, brussels sprouts, cabbage, collard greens, and kale, though they are of different cultivar groups.

History

The oldest record of cauliflower dates back to the 6th century B.C. In the 1st century AD, Pliny included what he called cyma among his descriptions of cultivated plants in Natural History: "Ex omnibus brassicae generibus suavissima est cyma,"[1] ("Of all the varieties of cabbage the most pleasant-tasted is cyma").[2] Pliny's descriptions likely refer to the flowering heads of an earlier cultivated variety of Brassica oleracea, but comes close to describing modern cauliflower.[3] In the 12th century, three varieties were described in Spain as introductions from Syria, where it had doubtless been grown for more than a thousand years. It is found in the writings of the Arab botanists Ibn al-'Awwam and Ibn al-Baitar, in the 12th and 13th centuries when its origins were said to be Cyprus.[4][5][6]

François Pierre La Varenne employed chouxfleurs in Le cuisinier françois.[7] They were introduced to France from Genoa in the 16th century, and are featured in Olivier de Serres' Théâtre de l'agriculture (1600), as cauli-fiori "as the Italians call it, which are still rather rare in France; they hold an honorable place in the garden because of their delicacy",[8] but they did not commonly appear on grand tables until the time of Louis XIV.[9] It was introduced in India in 1822 from England by the British.[10]

Etymology

The origin of the name is from the Latin word caulis (cabbage) and flower.[11]

Classification and identification

Major groups

There are four major groups of cauliflower.[12]

Italian
This specimen is diverse in appearance, biennial and annual in type. This group also includes white, Romanesco, various brown, green, purple, and yellow cultivars. This type is the ancestral form from which the others were derived.
Northern European annuals
Used in Europe and North America for summer and fall harvest, it was developed in Germany in the 18th century, and includes the old cultivars Erfurt and Snowball.
Northwest European biennial
Used in Europe for winter and early spring harvest, this was developed in France in the 19th century, and includes the old cultivars Angers and Roscoff.
Asian
A tropical cauliflower used in China and India, it was developed in India during the 19th century from the now-abandoned Cornish type,[13] and includes old varieties Early Benaras and Early Patna.

Varieties

There are hundreds of historic and current commercial varieties used around the world. A comprehensive list of about 80 North American varieties is maintained at North Carolina State University.[14]

Colours

White
White cauliflower is the most common color of cauliflower.
Orange
Orange cauliflower (B. oleracea L. var. botrytis) contains 25% more vitamin A than white varieties.[15] This trait originated from a natural mutant found in a cauliflower field in Canada.[16] Cultivars include 'Cheddar' and 'Orange Bouquet'.
Green
Green cauliflower, of the B. oleracea botrytis group, is sometimes called broccoflower. It is available in the normal curd shape and with a fractal spiral curd called Romanesco broccoli. Both have been commercially available in the U.S. and Europe since the early 1990s. Green-curded varieties include 'Alverda', 'Green Goddess' and 'Vorda'. Romanesco varieties include 'Minaret' and 'Veronica'.
Purple
The purple color in this cauliflower is caused by the presence anthocyanins, water-soluble pigments that are found in many other plants and plant-based products, such as red cabbage and red wine.[17] Varieties include 'Graffiti' and 'Purple Cape'.
In Great Britain and southern Italy, a broccoli with tiny flower buds is sold as a vegetable under the name "purple cauliflower"; it is not the same as standard cauliflower with a purple curd.

Production

Major producers of cauliflowers[18]
(combined with broccoli) in millions of tonnes
Country Production
 People's Republic of China
9.1
 India
7.9
 Spain
0.5
 Mexico
0.5
 Italy
0.4
World
22.3

In 2013, global production of cauliflowers (combined for production reports with broccoli) was 22.3 million tonnes, with China and India together accounting for 76% of the total (table).[18] Secondary producers, each having about 0.5 million tonnes annually, were Spain, Mexico and Italy (table).[18]

Nutrition

Cauliflower, raw
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy 104 kJ (25 kcal)
5 g
Sugars 1.9 g
Dietary fiber 2 g
0.3 g
1.9 g
Vitamins
Thiamine (B1)
(4%)

0.05 mg

Riboflavin (B2)
(5%)

0.06 mg

Niacin (B3)
(3%)

0.507 mg

Pantothenic acid (B5)
(13%)

0.667 mg

Vitamin B6
(14%)

0.184 mg

Folate (B9)
(14%)

57 μg

Vitamin C
(58%)

48.2 mg

Vitamin E
(1%)

0.08 mg

Vitamin K
(15%)

15.5 μg

Minerals
Calcium
(2%)

22 mg

Iron
(3%)

0.42 mg

Magnesium
(4%)

15 mg

Manganese
(7%)

0.155 mg

Phosphorus
(6%)

44 mg

Potassium
(6%)

299 mg

Sodium
(2%)

30 mg

Zinc
(3%)

0.27 mg

Other constituents
Water 92 g
Link to USDA Database entry
Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA Nutrient Database

100 grams of raw white cauliflower provides 25 calories, is low in fat, carbohydrates, dietary fiber and protein (table).[19] It has a high content (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of vitamin C and moderate levels (10-19% DV) of several B vitamins and vitamin K (table).[19]

Phytochemicals

Cauliflower contains several phytochemicals, common in the cabbage family, that are under preliminary research for their potential properties, including isothiocyanates and glucosinolates.[20]

Boiling reduces the levels of cauliflower compounds, with losses of 20–30% after five minutes, 40–50% after ten minutes, and 75% after thirty minutes.[21] However, other preparation methods, such as steaming, microwaving, and stir frying, have no significant effect on the compounds.[21]

Cooking

Cauliflower can be roasted, boiled, fried, steamed, pickled, or eaten raw. When cooking, the outer leaves and thick stalks are removed, leaving only the florets. The leaves are also edible, but are most often discarded.[22] The florets should be broken into similar-sized pieces so they are cooked evenly. After eight minutes of steaming, or five minutes of boiling, the florets should be soft, but not mushy (depending on size). Stirring while cooking can break the florets into smaller, uneven pieces.

Low carbohydrate dieters can use cauliflower as a reasonable substitute for potatoes or rice; while they can produce a similar texture, or mouth feel, they lack the starch of the originals. Like certain legumes (including chickpeas), it can be turned into a flour from which such foods as pizza or biscuits are made.[23][24]

Fractal dimension

Fractal pattern of Romanesco broccoli, a variant form of cauliflower

Cauliflower has been noticed by mathematicians for its distinct fractal dimension,[25][26] predicted to be about 2.8.[27][28] One of the fractal properties of cauliflower is that every branch, or "module", is similar to the entire cauliflower. Another quality, also present in other plant species, is that the angle between "modules," as they become more distant from the center, is 360 degrees divided by the golden ratio.[29]

References

  1. ↑ Pliny (the Elder) (1841). Weise, C.H., ed. Historiae Naturalis Libri XX (in Latin). p. 249.
  2. ↑ Rackham, H., ed. (1949). "XXXV". Pliny's Natural History. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  3. ↑ Crozier, Arthur Alger (1891). The Cauliflower. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Register Publishing Co. p. 12.
  4. ↑ "Cabbage Flowers for Food". Aggie Horticulture. Texas AgriLife Extension Service, Texas A&M System. Retrieved 12 October 2014.
  5. ↑ Fenwick, G. Roger; Heaney, Robert K.; Mullin, W. John; VanEtten, Cecil H. (1982). "Glucosinolates and their breakdown products in food and food plants". C R C Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 18 (2): 123–201. doi:10.1080/10408398209527361.
  6. ↑ "History of Cauliflower". cauliflowerfestival.com. Retrieved 12 October 2014.
  7. ↑ Wheaton, Barbara Ketcham (1996) Savoring the Past: the French kitchen and table from 1300 to 1789, Touchstone, p. 118, ISBN 0-684-81857-4.
  8. ↑ Wheaton, Barbara Ketcham (1996) Savoring the Past: the French kitchen and table from 1300 to 1789, Touchstone, p. 66, ISBN 0-684-81857-4.
  9. ↑ Toussaint-Samat, Maguelonne (2009) A History of Food, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, pp. 625f, ISBN 1-4443-0514-X.
  10. ↑ Vegetable Crops. New India Publishing. 1 January 2007. p. 209. ISBN 978-81-89422-41-7.
  11. ↑ "Cauliflower: definition". Reference.com. 2006. Retrieved 22 November 2008.
  12. ↑ Crisp, P. (1982). "The use of an evolutionary scheme for cauliflowers in screening of genetic resources". Euphytica. 31 (3): 725. doi:10.1007/BF00039211.
  13. ↑ Swarup, V.; Chatterjee, S.S (1972). "Origin and genetic improvement of Indian cauliflower". Economic Botany. 26 (4): 381–393. doi:10.1007/BF02860710.
  14. ↑ Farnham, M. (2007). "Vegetable Cultivar Descriptions for North America:Cauliflower". Retrieved 2007-09-19.
  15. ↑ Cohen, Amanda; Koenig, Leah (November 9, 2009). "The Story Behind Orange Cauliflower". saveur.com.
  16. ↑ Dickson, M.H.; Lee C.Y.; Blamble A.E. (1988). "Orange-curd high carotene cauliflower inbreds, NY 156, NY 163, and NY 165". HortScience. 23: 778–779.
  17. ↑ Chiu, L.; Prior, R.L.; Wu, X.; Li, L. (July 16, 2005). "Toward Identification of the Candidate Gene Controlling Anthocyanin Accumulation in Purple Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis)". American Society of Plant Biologists Annual Meeting. p. 628.
  18. 1 2 3 "Production/Crops, Quantities by Country for Cauliflowers and Broccoli for 2013". Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Statistics Division (FAOSTAT). Retrieved 23 November 2015.
  19. 1 2 "Cauliflower Nutrient Data, Raw per 100 g". USDA National Nutrient Database, Release 28. 2014. Retrieved 15 May 2013.
  20. ↑ Ishida M, Hara M, Fukino N, Kakizaki T, Morimitsu Y (2014). "Glucosinolate metabolism, functionality and breeding for the improvement of Brassicaceae vegetables". Breed Sci. 64 (1): 48–59. doi:10.1270/jsbbs.64.48. PMC 4031110Freely accessible. PMID 24987290.
  21. 1 2 Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick (2007-05-15). "Research Says Boiling Broccoli Ruins Its Anti Cancer Properties.".
  22. ↑ Stephens, MJ (1998). "Secondary Edible Parts of Vegetables". Vegetarian. 5.
  23. ↑ Carlson, Jen (10 March 2014). "Making Pizza Dough Out Of Cauliflower Is A Delicious Revelation". Gothamist. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
  24. ↑ "Top 10 Paleo Cauliflower Recipes". Empowered Sustenance. 9 September 2013. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
  25. ↑ Walker, John. (2005-03-22) Fractal Food. Fourmilab.ch. Retrieved on 2013-09-03.
  26. ↑ Description of the Julia sets of the cabbage fractal. Iwriteiam.nl. Retrieved on 2013-09-03.
  27. ↑ Kim, Sang-Hoon. "Fractal Structure of a White Cauliflower" (PDF). Journal of Korean physical society. 46 (2): 474–477. arXiv:cond-mat/0409763Freely accessible.
  28. ↑ Kim, Sang-Hoon (2004). "Fractal dimensions of a green broccoli and a white cauliflower". arXiv:cond-mat/0411597Freely accessible.
  29. ↑ "Romanesco cauliflower is a striking example of fractals".

Further reading

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