Bullingdon Club

The symbol of the Bullingdon Club

The Bullingdon Club is an exclusive but unofficial all-male students' dining club based in Oxford. It is noted for its wealthy members, grand banquets and boisterous rituals, such as the vandalising ("trashing") of restaurants and students' rooms.

The Bullingdon was originally a sporting club, dedicated to cricket and horse-racing, although club dinners gradually became its principal activity. Membership in the club is expensive, with tailor-made uniforms, regular gourmet hospitality, and a tradition of on-the-spot payment for damages.

The club has attracted controversy, due to former members later becoming part of the British political establishment. These include the former Prime Minister David Cameron, former Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne and former Mayor of London, current Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson.

The University of Oxford extends no official recognition to the club, and many local restaurants refuse to host its events. It is regularly featured in fiction and drama, sometimes under its own name, and sometimes easily recognisable under another (as in the 2014 film The Riot Club).

History

The Bullingdon Club was founded over 200 years ago. Petre Mais claims it was founded in 1780 and was limited to 30 men,^[1] and Viscount Long, who was a member in 1875, described it as "an old Oxford institution, with many good traditions".^[2] Originally it was a hunting and cricket club, and Thomas Assheton Smith II is recorded as having batted for the Bullingdon against the Marylebone Cricket Club in 1796.^[3] In 1805 cricket at Oxford University "was confined to the old Bullingdon Club, which was expensive and exclusive".^[4] This foundational sporting purpose is attested to in the Club's symbol.

The Wisden Cricketer reports that the Bullingdon is "ostensibly one of the two original Oxford University cricket teams but it actually used cricket merely as a respectable front for the mischievous, destructive or self-indulgent tendencies of its members".^[5] By the late 19th century, the present emphasis on dining within the Club began to emerge. Long attested that in 1875 "Bullingdon Club [cricket] matches were also of frequent occurrence, and many a good game was played there with visiting clubs. The Bullingdon Club dinners were the occasion of a great display of exuberant spirits, accompanied by a considerable consumption of the good things of life, which often made the drive back to Oxford an experience of exceptional nature".^[2] A report of 1876 relates that "cricket there was secondary to the dinners, and the men were chiefly of an expensive class".^[6] The New York Times told its readers in 1913 that "The Bullingdon represents the acme of exclusiveness at Oxford; it is the club of the sons of nobility, the sons of great wealth; its membership represents the 'young bloods' of the university".^[7]

Today

Today, the Bullingdon is still primarily a dining club, although a vestige of the Club's sporting links survives in its support of an annual point to point race. The Club President, known as the "General", presents the winner's cup, and the Club members meet at the race for a champagne breakfast. The Club also meets for an annual Club dinner. Guests may be invited to either of these events. There may also be smaller dinners during the year to mark the initiation of new members. The club often books private dining rooms under an assumed name, as most restaurateurs are wary of the Club's reputation for causing considerable drunken damage during the course of dinner.

In 2007 a photograph of the Bullingdon Club taken in 1987 was discovered - it made the headlines because two of the posing members, Boris Johnson and David Cameron, had gone on to careers in politics and were, at the time, Mayor of London and Leader of the Conservative Party respectively.^[8] The copyright owners have since refused permission to use the picture.^[9] More recently, a photograph of the club during a safari has appeared in the press.^[10]

Reputation

Peckwater Quad, vandalised in 1894 and 1927

The club has always been noted for its wealthy members, grand banquets and boisterous rituals, such as vandalising ('trashing') of restaurants and college rooms,^[11] complemented by a tradition of on-the-spot payment for damage.^[12] Its ostentatious display of wealth attracts controversy, since many ex-members have moved up to high political posts, most notably former British Prime Minister David Cameron, Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne, and Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson. A number of episodes over many decades have provided anecdotal evidence of the Club's behaviour. Infamously on 12 May 1894, after dinner, Bullingdon members smashed almost all the glass of the lights and 468 windows in Peckwater Quad of Christ Church, along with the blinds and doors of the building, and again on 20 February 1927.^[13][14][15] As a result, the Club was banned from meeting within 15 miles of Oxford.^[12]

While still Prince of Wales, Edward VIII had a certain amount of difficulty in getting his parents' permission to join the Bullingdon on account of the Club's reputation. He eventually obtained it only on the understanding that he never join in what was then known as a "Bullingdon blind", a euphemistic phrase for an evening of drink and song. On hearing of his eventual attendance at one such evening, Queen Mary sent him a telegram requesting that he remove his name from the Club.^[7][16]

Andrew Gimson, biographer of Boris Johnson, reported about the club in the 1980s: "I don't think an evening would have ended without a restaurant being trashed and being paid for in full, very often in cash. [...] A night in the cells would be regarded as being par for a Buller man and so would debagging anyone who really attracted the irritation of the Buller men."^[9]

In December 2005 Bullingdon Club members smashed 17 bottles of wine, "every piece of crockery" and a window at the 15th century White Hart pub in Fyfield, Oxfordshire.^[17] The dinner was organised by The Honourable Alexander Fellowes, son of Baron Fellowes and nephew to Diana, Princess of Wales; four members of the party were arrested.^[18][19] A further dinner was reported in 2010 after damage to a country house.^[20]

In the last few years, the Bullingdon has been mentioned in the debates of the House of Commons in order to draw attention to excessive behaviour across the British class spectrum,^[21] and to embarrass prominent Conservative Party politicians who are former members of the Bullingdon.^[22][23] Johnson has since tried to distance himself from the club, calling it "a truly shameful vignette of almost superhuman undergraduate arrogance, toffishness and twittishness."^[24]

Dress

Bullingdon Colours

The Club's colours are sky blue and ivory. Members dress for their annual Club dinner in specially made traditional tailcoats in dark navy blue, with a matching velvet collar, offset with ivory silk lapel revers, brass monogrammed buttons, a mustard waistcoat, and a sky blue bow tie. There is also a Club tie, which is sky blue striped with ivory. These are all provided by the Oxford branch of court tailors Ede and Ravenscroft. In 2007 the full uniform cost around £3,500.^[25] Traditionally when they played cricket, members "were identified by a ribbon of blue and white on their straw hats, and by stripes of the same colours down their flannel trousers".^[26]

Relationship with the University

The Bullingdon is not currently registered with the University of Oxford,^[27] but members are drawn from among the members of the University. On several occasions in the past, when the club was registered, the University proctors have suspended it on account of the rowdiness of members' activities,^[2] including suspensions in 1927 and 1956.^[28] John Betjeman wrote in 1938 that "quite often the Club is suspended for some years after each meeting".^[29] While under suspension, the club has been known to meet in relative secrecy.

The club was active in Oxford in 2008/9, although not registered with the University. In his retirement speech as proctor, Professor of Geology Donald Fraser noted an incident which, not being on University premises, was outside their jurisdiction: "some students had taken habitually to the drunken braying of ‘We are the Bullingdon’ at 3 a.m. from a house not far from the Phoenix Cinema. But the transcript of what they called the wife of the neighbour who went to ask them to be quiet was written in language that is not usually printed".^[27]

Photographs of club members

A number of photographs of club members have emerged over the years which give insights into the members.

A photograph taken in 1987 depicting David Cameron and Boris Johnson together amongst other members of the club, including Jonathan Ford of the Financial Times,^[30] is perhaps the most well-known example. In an interview with the BBC's Andrew Marr, David Cameron said that the photograph was an embarrassment.^[31] BBC Two's Newsnight commissioned a painting to recreate the photograph because the photographers who own the copyright objected to it being published on commercial grounds.^[9][32]

A photograph taken in 1988, also depicting British Prime Minister David Cameron, this time in the centre of the group, later emerged.^[30] It was found by the student newspaper, VERSA, amongst over a dozen other photographs of the club dated between 1950 and 2010 hanging on the wall of the tailor that is believed to have made the members’ suits, and led to a number of other past members being identified. Gillman and Soame, the photographers who own the copyright to the image, withdrew permission for it to be reproduced.^[31] VERSA, which discovered the photographs, commissioned sketches to reproduce the scenes depicted in them.^[33]

A photograph of the club taken in 1992 depicted members George Osborne, Nathaniel Philip Rothschild, David Cameron's cousin Harry Mount and Ocado founder Jason Gissing.^[34][35] In the Mail on Sunday, Peter Hitchens claimed that the photograph had been doctored, and that it appears that people have been removed from it.^[34][36]

In 2013 a new photograph emerged of club members flying by private jet to a hunting expedition in South Africa. The photograph is believed to have been taken in 2011 or 2012. Pictured in the photograph are Hon. Michael Marks, Cassius Nicholas Green, Timothy Aldersly, Charles Clegg, Alick Dru and Hon. George Farmer – the son of senior treasurer of the Conservative Party, Michael Farmer.^[10]

Documentary

David Cameron's and Boris Johnson's period in the Bullingdon Club was examined in the UK Channel 4 docu-drama When Boris Met Dave, broadcast on 7 October 2009 on More 4.^[37] An Observer Magazine article in October 2011 reviewed George Osborne's membership of the club.^[38]

Cultural references

The Bullingdon is satirised as the Bollinger Club (Bollinger being a notable brand of champagne) in Evelyn Waugh's novel Decline and Fall (1928), where it has a pivotal role in the plot: the mild-mannered hero is blamed for the Bollinger Club's destructive rampage through his college and is sent down. Tom Driberg claimed that the description of the Bollinger Club was a "mild account of the night of any Bullingdon Club dinner in Christ Church. Such a profusion of glass I never saw until the height of the Blitz. On such nights, any undergraduate who was believed to have 'artistic' talents was an automatic target."^[39]

Waugh mentions the Bullingdon by name^[40] in Brideshead Revisited. In talking to Charles Ryder, Anthony Blanche relates that the Bullingdon attempted to "put him in Mercury" in Tom Quad one evening, Mercury being a large fountain in the centre of the Quad. Blanche describes the members in their tails as looking "like a lot of most disorderly footmen", and goes on to say: "Do you know, I went round to call on Sebastian next day? I thought the tale of my evening's adventures might amuse him." This could indicate that Sebastian was not a member of the Bullingdon, although in the 1981 TV adaptation, Lord Sebastian Flyte vomits through the window of Charles Ryder's college room while wearing the famous Bullingdon tails.^[41] The 2008 film adaptation of Brideshead Revisited likewise clothes Flyte in the Club tails during this scene, as his fellow revellers chant "Buller, Buller, Buller!" behind him.

A fictional Oxford dining society inspired by clubs like the Bullingdon forms the basis of Posh, by Laura Wade, a play staged in April 2010 at the Royal Court Theatre, London. Membership of the club while a student is shown as giving admission to a secret and corrupt network of influence in British politics later in life.^[42] The play was later adapted into the 2014 film The Riot Club.

The TV series Trinity, set in a "Trinity College" in a fictional English city, featured an elite "Dandelion Club" whose members wore yellow waistcoats like those of the Bullingdon Club, and behaved in a similar manner.

Members

Past members of the club include:

Royalty Edward VII[15] of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Edward VIII[15] of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions Beyond the Seas Rama VI, King of Siam[43] Frederick IX of Denmark[15] Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany[44] Prince Paul of Yugoslavia[45] Nobility Arthur Valerian Wellesley, 8th Duke of Wellington[46] Walter Montagu Douglas Scott, 8th Duke of Buccleuch[47] John Scott, 9th Duke of Buccleuch[48] Richard Scott, 10th Duke of Buccleuch[31] George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston[15] Arthur Wellesley, Marquess of Douro[31] Alexander Thynn, 7th Marquess of Bath[28] Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer[49] Frank Pakenham, 7th Earl of Longford[50] Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery[51] David Ogilvy, 13th Earl of Airlie[31] Henry Chaplin, 1st Viscount Chaplin[52] Walter Long, 1st Viscount Long[2] Timothy Beaumont, Baron Beaumont of Whitley[53] George Gibbs, 1st Baron Wraxall[54] William Grenfell, 1st Baron Desborough[15] Sir Frederick Johnstone, 8th Baronet[52] Peter Palumbo, Baron of Walbrook[31] Gottfried von Bismarck[55] Shivraj Singh of Jodhpur[31] Prince Felix Yussupov[56] Prince Serge Obolensky[57]

Politicians David Cameron, Prime Minister (2010-2016)[58] Cecil Rhodes, Prime Minister of the Cape Colony (1890-1896)[14] Michael Ancram, Chairman of the Conservative Party (1998-2001)[59] George Osborne, First Secretary of State (2015-2016) and Chancellor of the Exchequer (2010–2016)[58] Lord Randolph Churchill,[60] Chancellor of the Exchequer (1886). Boris Johnson, Mayor of London (2008-2016),[58] Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs (2016-) John Profumo, CBE, Secretary of State for War (1960–63)[37] Radosław Sikorski, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Poland (2007-2014)[61] Alan Clark, Minister for Defence Procurement (1989-1992)[62] Thomas Agar-Robartes, MP[63] Nick Hurd, MP[64] Jo Johnson, MP[65] John Rankin Rathbone, MP[28] Thomas Assheton Smith II, MP[3] Ewen Fergusson, British Ambassador to South Africa (1982–84) and France (1987-92)[66] Business Nathaniel Philip Rothschild, Chairman of JNR Limited[67] Sebastian James, CEO of Dixons Retail[10] Rupert Soames, CEO of Serco[31] Jason Gissing, cofounder of Ocado.[15] Darius Guppy, Businessman[68] Peter Holmes à Court, Businessman[67] Other David Bowes-Lyon,[15] president of the Royal Horticultural Society Raymond Carr, historian. Sir Thomas Hughes-Hallett, Barrister[31] David Dimbleby, Journalist[69] Sir Ludovic Kennedy, Journalist[70] Harry Mount, Daily Mail Journalist[67] David Faber, head master of Summer Fields School[71] Peter Fleming, writer. Sebastian Roberts, Senior Army Representative at the Royal College of Defence Studies[72] Tom Lawson, son of Lord Lawson and half-brother of Nigella Lawson; now Headmaster of Eastbourne College, a public school in, East Sussex.[31] Ralph Perry Robinson, architect.[8][62][66]

References

1. Stuart Petre Brodie Mais, The Story of Oxford, 1951; p. 70
2. Walter Long (1923). "Memories". Retrieved 2008-05-08.
3. Aubery Noakes, Sportsmen in a Landscape, 1971; p.61
4. G.V. Cox (1870). "Recollections of Oxford". Retrieved 2008-05-13.
5. Mark Davies. "Drinking and Politics". The Wisden Cricketer. No. May 2010.
6. James Pycroft in London Society, v.30, 1876 (James Hogg, Florence Marrayat ed.); p. 197
7. "Bullingdon Club Too Lively For Prince of Wales" (PDF). The New York Times. 1 June 1913.
8. Gardham, Duncan (14 February 2007). "Cameron as leader of the Slightly Silly Party". The Daily Telegraph. London.
9. BBC news (2 March 2007). "Cameron student photo is banned". BBC News. Retrieved 2009-12-31.
10. John Stevens (2 September 2013). "Private jet, morning suits and champagne for desert grouse shoot - move over Boris, it's... Bullingdon Club 2013". Daily Mail. London: Associated Newspapers Limited.
11. Patrick Foster (28 January 2006). "How young Cameron wined and dined with the right sort". The Times. London. Retrieved 2007-12-04.
12. The Oxford Student (12 January 2005). "Smashing job chaps: Exclusive inside look at Bullingdon club". Archived from the original on 6 August 2009.
13. "Condensed Cablegrams" (PDF). The New York Times. 13 May 1894.
14. Trevor Henry Aston (1984). The History of the University of Oxford.
15. J. G. Sinclair (2007). Portrait of Oxford.
16. "Wales in Trouble Over Club Supper" (PDF). The New York Times. 28 May 1913.
17. "Drinks club 'ritual' wrecks pub". BBC News. 3 December 2004. Retrieved 2015-09-22.
18. Roger Waite (13 January 2005). "Bullingdon brawl ringleader is Princess Diana's nephew". The Oxford Student. Archived from the original on 13 May 2008.
19. Sebastian Shakespeare (14 January 2005). "Shame of Diana's nephew". The Daily Mail. Retrieved 2015-09-22.
20. Tim Walker (24 June 2010). "George Osborne's age of austerity starts with a bang for the Bullingdon Club". The Daily Telegraph. London.
21. House of Commons Hansard Debates for 15 Oct 2001, (pt 31). "Football (Disorder) (Amendment) Bill".
22. House of Commons Hansard Debates for 18 Feb 2008 (pt 1). "Pensions".
23. House of Commons Hansard Debates for 25 Feb 2008 (pt 3). "Topical Questions".
24. "Boris Johnson 'would like to be PM'". BBC News. 19 March 2013. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
25. Peter Hitchens (2007). "David Cameron: Toff at the Top". Retrieved 2008-05-01.
26. Michael MacDonagh, The English king: a study of the monarchy and the royal family, 1929; p. 94
27. "Oration by the demitting Proctors and Assessor" (PDF). Oxford University Gazette (Supplement (2) to No. 4876). p. 880. Retrieved 2009-11-05. I received help from Thames Valley Police on two occasions. My first case (in my first week in office) was the Bullingdon Club — I think the Clerk to the Proctors gave it to me as a test. I received a report that some students had taken habitually to the drunken braying of ‘We are the Bullingdon’ at 3 a.m. from a house not far from the Phoenix Cinema. But the transcript of what they called the wife of the neighbour who went to ask them to be quiet was written in language that is not usually printed. Their college was identified, but the Bullingdon Club turns out not to be a registered University society. Nor was the abuse uttered on University premises. So after conferring with the Proctors’ Officers, I thought that an ASBO might concentrate the minds of those concerned. I referred the matter to the Police who did mention the word ASBO before awarding the members of the Club an ABC — an Anti Social Behaviour Contract that would magically and automatically turn into an ASBO if provoked within six months. So I am pleased to say that, except perhaps at the highest level of national politics, the Bullingdon Club this year has been quiescent. 25 March 2009
28. 7th Marquess of Bath (1999). "Career and activities: settling into my undergraduate identity". Archived from the original on 2000-10-31. Retrieved 2007-12-04. ...at the start of the Trinity term I was elected into the Bullingdon...
29. John Betjeman, An Oxford University Chest, 1938; p. 30
30. Jukes, Peter. "Cameron at the Centre of the Bullingdon Club". Retrieved 2015-05-10.
31. Mutch, Nick; Myers, Jack; Lusher, Adam; Owen, Jonathan (5 May 2015). "General Election 2015: Photographic history of Bullingdon Club tracked down - including new picture of David Cameron in his finery". The Independent. London. Retrieved 2015-05-10.
32. "ConservativeHome's ToryDiary: Embarrassing Cameron photo withdrawn from public use". conservativehome.blogs.com. Retrieved 2015-05-10.
33. "VERSA | Revealed: new Bullingdon photos featuring high spirits, high society, and one very high-up politician...". Retrieved 2015-05-10.
34. Busfield, Steve (26 October 2008). "Has a Bullingdon Club picture been doctored?". the Guardian. Retrieved 2015-05-10.
35. "Oxford 1992: Portrait of a 'classless' Tory". Daily Mail. London. 7 April 2007. Retrieved 2015-05-10.
36. Peter Hitchens (25 October 2008). "Who doctored the toffs?". The Mail On Sunday. Retrieved 2015-05-10.
37. John Dower and Jaho Lee Our Boys from the Bullingdon: The early years of David Cameron and Boris Johnson The Daily Mail, 26 September 2009.
38. Elizabeth Day (1 October 2011). "George Osborne: from the Bullingdon club to the heart of government". The Observer: Observer Magazine. London. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
39. Carpenter, Humphrey. The Brideshead Generation: Evelyn Waugh and his Friends, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1989.
40. Evelyn Waugh. Brideshead Revisited, "Et in Arcadia ego": Chapter Two; Chapman and Hall, 1945.
41. YouTube - Brideshead Revisited - Lord Sebastian is sick at youtube.com
42. The Daily Telegraph (16 April 2010). "Posh: Royal Court, review". London.
43. Rong Syamananda, A history of Thailand, 1986; p. 146
44. Charlotte Zeepvat, Prince Leopold: the untold story of Queen Victoria's youngest son, 1998; p. 101
45. Neil Balfour and Sally Mackay, Paul of Yugoslavia: Britain's maligned friend, 1980; p. 28
46. "The Duke of Wellington - obituary". Daily Telegraph. London. 31 December 2014. Retrieved 2014-03-01.
47. Serge Obolensky, One man in his time: the memoirs of Serge Obolensky, 1958; p. 86
48. Obituary Archived 1 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine., The Independent, 6 September 2007
49. Wheeler, Brian (4 May 2008). "The Boris Johnson Story". BBC News. Retrieved 18 April 2010.
50. The Independent. "The Earl of Longford", 6 August 2001.
51. Nicholas Freeman (2011). Eighteen Hundred and Ninety-five. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 55–. ISBN 978-0-7486-4056-0.
52. Virginia Cowles (1956). "Gay Monarch: The Life and Pleasures of Edward VII".
53. Roth, Andrew (11 April 2008). "The Rev Lord Beaumont of Whitley". London: The Guardian.
54. James Miller, Fertile Fortune: The Story of Tyntesfield, 2006; p. 142
55. "Count Gottfried von Bismarck Obituary". Daily Telegraph. London. 5 July 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-05.
56. "Prince Yusupoff Defended in Rasputin Case" (PDF). The New York Times. 14 January 1917.
57. Serge Obolensky (1958). One Man in His Time: The Memoirs of Serge Obolensky. McDowell, Obolensky. pp. 110, 116.
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59. "1966 Club Photo". Imageshack.us. Retrieved 2013-09-13.
60. Frank Harris, My Life and Loves, 1922-27; p. 483
61. Boyes, Roger (22 March 2010). "World Agenda: Is Radoslaw Sikorski the new face of Polish politics?". London: The Times. Retrieved 18 April 2010.
62. Associated Newspapers Limited (13 February 2007). "Cameron's cronies in the Bullingdon class of '87". Daily Mail. London. Retrieved 2007-12-04.
63. "Tommy Agar-Robartes: a very British gentleman - National Trust". nationaltrust.org.uk.
64. "Dafydd Jones". Dafjones.thirdlight.com. Retrieved 2013-09-13.
65. Glen Owen (2012-07-15). "George Osborne: Chancellor with his high society Bullingdon Club at Oxford, Year Two - when things were looking up... | Mail Online". London: Dailymail.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-09-13.
66. "Cameron's cronies: The Bullingdon Club's class of '87". The Independent. London. 13 February 2007.
67. Byers, David (21 October 2008). "Drunken hellraising for the super-rich - how George Osborne met Nathaniel Rothschild". London: The Times. Retrieved 18 April 2010.
68. Richard Alleyne (4 December 2004). "Oxford hellraisers politely trash a pub". London: Daily Telegraph.
69. Robinson, James (18 October 2009). "David Dimbleby: Ringmaster of our democracy". The Observer. London: 18 October 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
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