Central American Parliament

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Central American Parliament Parlamento Centroamericano

History
Founded	October 28, 1991 (1991-10-28)
Preceded by	Contadora Group
Leadership
President of the Central American Parliament	Priscilla Weeden de Miró (Panama) Since October 2016-October 2017
Seats	120 deputies
Meeting place
Guatemala City
Website
www.parlacen.int

The Central American Parliament (Spanish: Parlamento Centroamericano), also known as PARLACEN, is the political institution and parliamentary body of Central American Integration System (SICA). Its headquarters are located in Guatemala City.

History

The PARLACEN origins date back to the Contadora Group, a project of the 1980s that sought to help resolve the civil wars in El Salvador, Guatemala, and Nicaragua. Although the Contadora group was disbanded in 1986, the idea of a greater Central American integration remained, giving rise to the Esquipulas II Agreement, which among other things, decided to create the Central American Parliament. The Treaty establishing the Central American Parliament and other political bodies was signed in 1987; its first formal session was carried out on 28 October 1991 in Guatemala City. The PARLACEN as a political body in the region is part of the Central American Integration System SICA, established by the Protocol of Tegucigalpa to the Charter of the Organization of American States (ODECA) signed on 13 December 1991. SICA has the fundamental aim to realize an integration that is political and ideological representative in a pluralistic democratic system that guarantees free elections and participation on equal conditions for political parties.

The historic Declaration of Esquipulas I which was adopted by the presidents of the Central American states in the city of Esquipulas (Guatemala) on 25 May 1986 included the following declaration: "It is necessary to establish and complement activities that support understanding and cooperation with institutional structures. They shall make possible to strengthen the dialogue, the common development, democracy and pluralism as fundamental elements for peace in the region and the integration of Central America. Therefore the foundation of PARLACEN is necessary. Its members are elected freely by universal and direct elections through which the principle of political and participative pluralism is followed."

The agreement of PARLACEN and other political authorities was signed in October 1987 by Guatemala, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Honduras. In the beginning it was an instrument which came into force for only three states (Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras) on 1 May 1990. PARLACEN was formed on 28 October 1991 and has its head office in Guatemala City, Republic of Guatemala.

PARLACEN as the political organ of this region is part of the Central American Integration System (SICA). This was admitted into the Charta of the Organisation of the Central American States (ODECA) by the Protocol of Tegucigalpa signed on 13 December 1999. The basic aim of SICA is the realisation of the integration of Central America in order to make it a region of peace, freedom, democracy and development.

Legal status and mission

PARLACEN is the regional assembly of SICA and acts as a permanent political organ to represent opinions and to carry out analyses and discussions about political, economic and cultural affairs of common interest, of basic conditions for democracy, peace and the integration of Central America as well as working out initiatives for its realization. It is charged with furthering human rights and international law, to achieve a peaceful coexistence within the framework of security and social welfare, which is well-founded in representative and participative democracy, in pluralism and in respect for national legislation and international law.

PARLACEN has the status of a legal entity according to international law. Becoming a representative of the Central American Parliament is one of the most oft-used tactics by corrupt politicians to escape scrutiny following their tainted times in office.^[1]

Member States

The following countries comprise the PARLACEN:

Between 1998 and 2010 the Dominican Republic sent 22 appointed members. Since 2010 it is a full member of the Central American Parliament with delegates elected directly by universal suffrage.^[2] (See note)^[3]

Panama

President of Panama Ricardo Martinelli vowed he would retreat Panama from PARLACEN at the time critic of PARLACEN while on his campaign trail if he won the presidency. On December 11, 2009 law 78 passed withdrawing Panama from PARLACEN. Later that law was found unconstitutional first by resolution of the Central American Court of Justice. The court stated that there is no mechanism to withdraw from the PARLACEN and Panama could not opt out from the regional parliamentary body. In January 2012, the Panamanian Supreme court re-affirmed that same ruling.^[4] Panama returned to PARLACEN as instructed by the courts. Panama also showed a lot more interest after SICA signed a free trade agreement with the European Union.

Competences and tasks

The PARLACEN is the regional and permanent organ of political and democratic representation of the System of Central American Integration (SICA) with the main purpose to realize the Central American integration.

Competencies

Propose legislation concerning the integration.
Democratic control of the integration.
Initiatives to deepen and amplify the integration.

Tasks

Promoting the process of integration and leading the way to the greatest possible cooperation between the Central American states.
Proposing draft treaties and agreements which are to be negotiated by the Central American states and forming an opinion of what the SICA proposes.
Creating special commissions to get to know the discordances between the states who could affect the integration.
Helping to consolidate a democratic, pluralistic and participative form of government in the Central American states.
Promoting the validity of international law.
Knowing the nominations and sworn in of the executive authorities of SICA.
Knowing the budgets of the institutions of SICA.

Bodies of PARLACEN

PARLACEN's organisational structure exists of the Plenum, the Board of Parliament and the Secretary Office.

Plenum

The plenum is the highest body of PARLACEN and is formed by all representatives. Furthermore, the committees and parliamentary parties are involved with its tasks.

The responsibilities of the plenum are the following:

It gives advice to the presidents´ assembly concerning affairs of peace, security of Central America and development of the region.
Annual election of the board of parliament.
Approval of the budget of PARLACEN.
Assessment and decision concerning the reports of the board of parliament.
Composition and approval of internal decrees of PARLACEN and other necessary regulations.
Formation of working commissions being regarded as necessary by the plenum.
Proposal of drafts of contracts and agreements that are to be negotiated between the states of Central America and that are supposed to contribute to the satisfaction of the needs in the region.
Annual discharge of the boards of the parliamentary standing committees.
Additionally: other tasks which are assigned to it by this contract or its additional instruments.

The Parliamentary Committees

They are parliamentary authorities who – in order to draw up a corresponding report – are supposed to conduct studies and examinations which are either within their sphere of competence or are directed to them by the board or the plenum.

The working committees of PARLACEN can be structured as follows: Permanent commissions are established in the internal rules to work on affairs of the commission with unlimited duration. The permanent commissions are formed of at most two representatives per state and not exceeding twelve members in total.

As of 2015 there were thirteen permanent commissions:^[5]

Commission of Agriculture, Fishing, Environment and Natural Resources
Commission of Urban Development, Public Participation
Commission of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
Commission of Women, Children, Youth and Family
Commission of Macroeconomics and Finance
Commission of Tourism
Commission of International Relations and Migration Affairs
Commission of Health, Social Security, Population, Labour and Corporation Affairs
Commission of Peace, Public Security and Human Rights
Commission of Integration, Trade and Economic Development
Commission of Legal Affairs and Regional Institutions
Commission of Politics and Party Affairs
Commission of Indigenous Peoples and Afro Descendants

Plus a Delegation of EUROLAT.

Extraordinary commissions are established by the plenum for affairs that are of special importance and institutional significance for PARLACEN as well as for the process of integration.

Special commissions are established by the board of parliament to handle special affairs.

Parliamentary groups

They monitor the political trend of the Central American representatives and are organised according to the political orientation of their groups. The parliamentary groups are founded through the adoption of an internal statute that is presented in the plenary assembly. The board of parliament registers each parliamentary group. The statute is published and consists of the group's ideological principles, the political objectives and the regulations.

In 2014-2015 there were four parliamentary groups: Democratic Alliance (23 deputies), Left-Wing (34), Central American and Caribbean Innovator (8) and Center-Democratic Integration (60).^[6]

Board of parliament

The board of parliament is the executive body for decisions that emerge from the plenum and is the administrative body of PARLACEN. It is expendable according to its internal rules.

The board of parliament is elected out of the members. It is permanent for the period of one year and made up of one president, five vice-presidents, six secretaries

The board makes its decisions with approval of seven of its members. In the event of a tie the votes of the presidency count as qualified majority. The presidency is filled by rota system corresponding to the alphabetical order of the member states, starting with the state, which holds the head office.

It is possible to appeal against all resolutions at the plenum.

The tasks of the board are the following:

Consideration and handling of all requests for which PARLACEN is in charge.
Conveying of the invitations for the ordinary and extraordinary meetings of the plenum of PARLACEN.
Draft of the budget – designated in Central American Pesos – for the work routine of PARLACEN.
Provision with information about respectively relevant results for each member state.
Realizing the resolutions of PARLACEN.
Handing in the annual report about the execution of its duties and the result of its administration to the plenary as well as the report about the budget.
Management and controlling of the secretary office and appointment of necessary personnel. Here the equal treatment of all Central American states has to be taken into consideration.
Handling of the economic and organisational affairs which affect PARLACEN.
Proposal to the plenum of regulating instruments which are required by the internal order.
Creation of special commissions to carry out a task or realize a special function.
Proper filling in of vacancies that occur in absence of a representative.
Calling of the deputy representative in case of vacancies.
Proposal of a suitable list of candidates for the appointment of the internal and external accountants of PARLACEN to the plenary.
Formation of delegations for official missions. This has to be done in accordance to the regulating norms for the integration of special missions of PARLACEN.
Working out and approval of its own internal rules and task division among its members.
As well as other tasks which are assigned to the board by the constitutive contract or by additional instruments.

Secretary office

The secretary office is the technical-administrative organ of PARLACEN and is divided into three sections, which basically have the following functions and responsibilities: The secretary office for parliamentary affairs handles and obeys the decisions of PARLACEN. It reports to the plenum on a regular basis and is of technical assistance to the plenum as well as to the commissions in all of their activities. In the same way it coordinates and manages the advice of the commissions and has to assist the extended board with the working out of the agenda for the meetings of the plenum when necessary.

The secretary office for administration and finance has to administer all branches, manager’s offices, departments and administrative units as well as the personnel of PARLACEN and has to control the proper administration of its resources.

The secretary office of the board offers technical help to the board in questions relating to the responsibilities of and the topics worked out by the board.

Presidents of PARLACEN

President	Term in Office	Country
Roberto Carpio Nicolle	October 1991 – October 1992	Guatemala
Ilsa Diaz Zelaya	October 1992 – October 1993	Honduras
Jose Francisco Merino Lopez	October 1993 – July 1994	El Salvador
Victor Augusto Vela Mena	July 1994 – October 1994	Guatemala
Roland Valenzuela Oyuela	October 1994 – December 1995	Honduras
Raul Zaldívar Guzmán	December 1995 – October 1996	Honduras
Ernesto Lima Mena	October 1996 – October 1997	El Salvador
Marco Antonio Solares Pérez	October 1997 – October 1998	Guatemala
Carlos Roberto Reina	October 1998 – October 1999	Honduras
Jose Ernesto Somarriba Sosa	October 1999 – October 2000	Nicaragua
Hugo Guiraud Gargano	October 2000 – October 2001	Panama
Rodrigo Samayoa Rivas	October 2001 – October 2002	El Salvador
Victor Augusto Vela Mena	October 2002 – October 2003	Guatemala
Mario Facussé Handal	October 2003 – October 2004	Honduras
Fabio Gadea Mantilla	October 2004 – October 2005	Nicaragua
Julio Enrique Palacios Sambrano	October 2005 – October 2006	Panama
Ciro Cruz Cepeda Pena	October 2006 – October 2007	El Salvador
Julio Guillermo González Gamarra	October 2007 – October 2008	Guatemala
Gloria Guadalupe Oquelí Solórzano de Macoto	October 2008 – October 2009	Honduras
Jacinto José Suárez Espinoza	October 2009 – October 2010	Nicaragua
Dorindo Jayan Cortez Marciaga	October 2010 – October 2011	Panama
Manolo Pichardo	October 2011 – October 2012	Dominican Republic
Leonel Búcaro	October 2012 – October 2013	El Salvador
Paula Rodríguez	October 2013 – October 2014	Guatemala
Armando Bardales	October 2014 – October 2015	Honduras
José Antonio Alvarado Correa	October 2015 – October 2016	Nicaragua
Priscilla Weeden de Miró	October 2016 – October 2017	Panama

Elections

The 20 elected members representing every member state the Central American Parliament are elected at the same time as the presidential elections of every member state according to article 2 of the Internal Regulations of the Central American Parliament. The former President of every member state, as well as every vice-president and prime minister are also de jure members of the PARLACEN from the end of their term till the end of their successor's term.^[7]

9 September 2007: Guatemala.
18 January 2009: El Salvador. Results: Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front 9, Nationalist Republican Alliance 8, National Conciliation Party 2 and Christian Democratic Party 1.^[8]
3 May 2009: Panama.
29 November 2009: Honduras. Results: National Party of Honduras 10, Liberal Party of Honduras 7, Christian Democratic Party of Honduras 1, Democratic Unification Party 1, Innovation and Unity Party 1.^[9]
16 May 2010: Dominican Republic. Results: Dominican Liberation Party 10, Dominican Revolutionary Party 9, Social Christian Reformist Party 1^[10]
11 September 2011: Guatemala. Results: Patriotic Party 7, National Unity of Hope - Grand National Alliance 6, Renewed Democratic Liberty 2, Commitment, Renewal and Order 2, Nationalist Change Union 2, Vision with Values - Encounter for Guatemala 1.^[11]
6 November 2011: Nicaragua.
24 November 2013: Honduras
4 May 2014: Panama
1 March 2015: El Salvador
6 September 2015: Guatemala
15 May 2016: Dominican Republic

References

↑ Elyssa Pachico Panama Papers Highlight How LatAm's Elites Hide Wealth 04 April 2016, InSight Crime
↑ Directorio de diputados Archived 6 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
↑ "Juramentan a diputados dominicanos al Parlacen". listindiario.com. Retrieved 13 October 2014.
↑ "Panamá retornará al Parlamento Centroamericano (Parlacen)". Telemetro. Retrieved 13 October 2014.
↑ Comisiones 2015 - 2016 Archived 21 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine., Central American Parliament Website, 10 February 2016
↑ Grupos Parlamentarios 2014-2015< Archived 18 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine., Central American Parliament Website, 16 September 2015
↑ Reglamento Interno del Parlamento Centroamericano Archived 5 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
↑ Jessica Ávalos, "ARENA y FMLN logran más puestos en el PARLACEN", La Prensa Gráfica, 26 January 2009
↑ "Honduras: el Tribunal Electoral declara a Porfirio Lobo presidente electo", Infolatam, 22 December 2009
↑ Junta Central Electoral (JCE), Resultados Electorales 2010, p.14
↑ Details results

External links

Central American Parliament ^[1]^[2]^[3]

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