Charles Mangin

Charles Mangin

General Mangin
Nickname(s) "The Butcher"
Born (1866-07-06)6 July 1866
Sarrebourg, Moselle
Died 12 May 1925(1925-05-12) (aged 58)
Paris
Allegiance France France
Years of service 1889–1925
Rank General
Commands held Third Army,
Sixth Army,
Tenth Army
Battles/wars

French colonial wars
World War I

Charles Emmanuel Marie Mangin (6 July 1866 – 12 May 1925) was a French general during World War I.

Early career

Charles Mangin was born on 6 July 1866 in Sarrebourg. After initially failing to gain entrance to Saint-Cyr, he joined the 77th Infantry Regiment in 1885. He reapplied and was accepted in Saint-Cyr in 1886 attaining the rank of Sub-Lieutenant in 1888. He joined the 1st Marine Infantry Regiment based in Cherbourg. He was sent to Sudan, serving under Jean-Baptiste Marchand and gained further experience in Mali, French North Africa. During this period he learnt Bambara, the lingua-franca of Mali. He was wounded three times and returned to France in 1892. In 1893 he was made a Knight of the Legion d'honneur.

In 1898, Mangin joined Marchand on his expedition to Fashoda. In 1900 he attained the rank of Officer of the Legion d'honneur and married Madeleine Henriette Jagerschmidt. They would go on to have eight children. He was given the command of a battalion in Tonkin from 1901 to 1904. He was then promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel in 1905 and served during the French occupation of Senegal from 1906 to 1908 under General Audéoud. In 1910 he published La force noire, where he called for the use of French Colonial Forces in the event of a European war.[1]

First World War

During the First World War Mangin rose from divisional command to that of the Tenth Army for the Second Battle of the Marne, commanding both French and American troops. Nicknamed "the Butcher" for his espousal of la guerre à outrance and his faith in the suitability of North African Tirailleur for the attack, there was no doubt in the French Army that Mangin was fearless. During that war, Mangin had notable victories at the Battle of Charleroi in 1914 and then at the Battle of Verdun in 1916 but his reputation suffered following the disastrous Nivelle Offensive (16 April – 9 May 1917). This was due partly to the fact that Mangin was one of the few high-ranking French officials who supported Nivelle's strategy.

Mangin's Sixth Army bore the brunt of the main attack during the Second Battle of the Aisne, the main component of Robert Nivelle's costly assault. After the failed operation was abandoned, Mangin and Nivelle were sacked. After Ferdinand Foch was promoted to Allied Supreme Commander (over Philippe Pétain), Mangin was recalled upon the orders of Prime Minister Clemenceau and given command initially of a corps and then of the French Tenth Army on the Western Front.

Although Mangin was despised by some of his troops (who gave him the nickname "The Butcher"), his Tenth Army was responsible for the crucial Allied counter-attack at the Second Battle of the Marne. It was this that largely promoted his military reputation. He also became known for the observation: "Quoi qu'on fasse, on perd beaucoup de monde" ("Whatever you do, you lose a lot of men"). In the closing months of the war, he served as part of General Castelnau's Army Group East, advancing towards Metz.

The mass recruitment of African troops in the French Army, was the result chiefly of Mangin's persistent advocacy of the idea, which had many opponents. His conception of a “plus grande France,” based on political autonomy and military obligation for all parts of the French Empire, is put forward in the concluding chapters of his book Comment finit la Guerre.[2]

After the war

After the Allied victory, Mangin's 10th Army was sent to occupy the Rhineland. There, he became the focus of controversy due to his attempts to foster the establishment of a pro-French Rhenish Republic with the aim of separating it from Germany and thus denying Germany the West bank of the Rhine.

Mangin became a member of the Supreme War Council and inspector general of French colonial troops. He fell seriously ill at his Paris home on 9 March 1925. Suffering from pain, he became incoherent and partly paralysed. The following day he was diagnosed as suffering from appendicitis and as having suffered a stroke, though it was rumoured he may have been poisoned. He died two days later, on 12 March.[3] His remains were interred in Les Invalides in 1932, and a bronze statue by Maxime Real del Sarte erected in his honour in 1928.[4]

The statue of Mangin in the Place Denys-Cochin in Paris was destroyed on 16 June 1940 (German troops had entered Paris only two days earlier).[5] During his tour of Paris, Adolf Hitler visited Napoleon's tomb, and the statue, being a reminder of Mangin's machinations in the Rhineland, was one of two he ordered destroyed. (The other was of Edith Cavell). Mangin had guarded the Rhineland in 1920 with Senegalese troops and, supposedly "every German 'knew' that he ordered German mayors to provide brothels for his soldiers, and when the mayors protested at 'providing German women for Senegalese', Mangin was alleged to have replied, 'German women are none too good for my Senegalese'".[6] A German demolition squad dynamited his statue and most of the bronze was later melted down.[7] In 1957 a new statue was erected on the nearby Avenue de Breteuil.[8]

Decorations

His Publications

Notes

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  1. ↑ La force noire
  2. ↑  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1922). "Mangin, Charles Marie Emmanuel". Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed.). London & New York.
  3. ↑ Mangin, Louis-Eugène. Le Général Mangin, Privately Published, 1990, p. 398
  4. ↑ Mangin, Louis-Eugène. Le Général Mangin, Privately Published, 1990, p. 400
  5. ↑ Barber, Noël. The Week France Fell, Stein & Day, 1976, p.237
  6. ↑ Barber, Noël. The Week France Fell, Stein & Day, 1976, p.237
  7. ↑ Barber, Noël. The Week France Fell, Stein & Day, 1976, p.237
  8. ↑ Mangin, Louis-Eugène. Le Général Mangin, Privately Published, 1990, p. 408

References

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