Chisholm v. Georgia

Chisholm v. Georgia

Argued February 5, 1793
Decided February 18, 1793
Full case name Alexander Chisholm, Executors v. Georgia
Citations

2 U.S. 419 (more)

2 U.S. (2 Dall.) 419; 1 L. Ed. 440; 1793 U.S. LEXIS 249
Prior history Original action filed, U.S. Supreme Court, August, 1792
Subsequent history None on record
Holding
Article III, Section 2's grant of federal jurisdiction over suits "between a State and Citizens of another State" abrogated the States' sovereign immunity and granted federal courts the affirmative power to hear disputes between private citizens and States.
Court membership
Chief Justice
John Jay
Case opinions
Seriatim opinion Cushing
Seriatim opinion Blair
Seriatim opinion Wilson
Seriatim opinion Jay
Dissent Iredell
Laws applied
U.S. Const. art. III; Judiciary Act of 1789
Superseded by
U.S. Const. amend. XI

Chisholm v. Georgia, 2 U.S. 419 (1793), is considered the first United States Supreme Court case of significance and impact. Given its date, there was little available legal precedent (particularly in American law).[1] It was superseded in 1795 by the Eleventh Amendment.

Background of the case

In 1792, in South Carolina, Alexander Chisholm, the executor of the estate of Robert Farquhar, attempted to sue the state of Georgia in the Supreme Court over payments due to him for goods that Farquhar had supplied Georgia during the American Revolutionary War. United States Attorney General Edmund Randolph argued the case for the plaintiff before the court. The defendant, Georgia, refused to appear, claiming that, as a sovereign state, it could not be sued without granting its consent to the suit.

The court’s decision

In a four to one decision, the court ruled in favor of the plaintiff, with Chief Justice John Jay and associate justices John Blair, James Wilson, and William Cushing constituting the majority; only Justice Iredell dissented. (At that time, there was no opinion of the court or majority opinion; the justices delivered their opinions seriatim, that is, individually, and in ascending order of seniority.) The court ruled that Article 3, Section 2, of the Constitution abrogated the states' sovereign immunity and granted federal courts the affirmative power to hear disputes between private citizens and states.

Subsequent developments

Mostly because of Chisholm v. Georgia, the Eleventh Amendment was ratified in 1795 and all pending court actions from Chisholm were dismissed. This removed federal jurisdiction in cases where citizens of one state or of foreign countries attempt to sue another state. However, citizens of one state or of foreign countries can still use the federal courts if the state consents to be sued, or if Congress, pursuant to a valid exercise of Fourteenth Amendment remedial powers, abrogates the states' immunity from suit. See Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer, 427 U.S. 445 (1976).

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ 2 U.S. 419 (Full text of the decision at Findlaw.com)

References

External links

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