Comparison of data serialization formats

This is a comparison of data serialization formats, various ways to convert complex objects to sequences of bits. It does not include markup languages used exclusively as document file formats.

Overview

Name Creator-maintainer Based on Standardized? Specification Binary? Human-readable? Supports references?e Schema-IDL? Standard APIs Supports Zero-copy operations
Apache Avro Apache Software Foundation N/A Yes Apache Avro™ 1.8.1 Specification Yes No N/A Yes (built-in) N/A N/A
ASN.1 ISO, IEC, ITU-T N/A Yes ISO/IEC 8824; X.680 series of ITU-T Recommendations Yes
(BER, DER, PER, OER, or custom via ECN)		 Yes
(XER, GSER, or custom via ECN)		 Partialf Yes (built-in) N/A N/A
Bencode Bram Cohen (creator)
BitTorrent, Inc. (maintainer)		 N/A Yes Part of BitTorrent protocol specification Partially
(numbers and delimiters are ASCII)		 No No No No N/A
Binn Bernardo Ramos N/A Yes Binn Specification Yes No No No No Yes
Bond Microsoft N/A No Bond IDL Specification Yes Yes
(JSON,
XML)		 No Yes No N/A
BSON MongoDB JSON Yes BSON Specification Yes No No No No N/A
Candle Markup Henry Luo XML, JSON, JavaFX Yes Candle Markup Reference No Yes Yes
(XPointer, XPath)		 Yes
(Candle Pattern Reference)		 Yes
(XQuery, XPath)		 N/A
Cap’n Proto Kenton Varda N/A No Cap'n Proto Encoding Spec Yes No Yes Yes No Yes
CBOR Carsten Bormann, P. Hoffman JSON (loosely) Yes RFC-7049 Yes No Yes
through tagging		 No No Yes
Colfer Pascal de Kloe N/A No Colfer Spec Yes No Yes Yes No Yes
Comma-separated values (CSV) RFC author:
Yakov Shafranovich		 N/A Partial
(myriad informal variants used)		 RFC 4180
(among others)		 No Yes No No No No
D-Bus Message Protocol freedesktop.org N/A Yes D-Bus Specification Yes No No Partial
(Signature strings)		 Yes
(see D-Bus)		 N/A
edn Rich Hickey N/A No Extensible Data Notation No Yes No No No N/A
Name Creator-maintainer Based on Standardized? Specification Binary? Human-readable? Supports references?e Schema-IDL? Standard APIs Supports Zero-copy operations
FlatBuffers Google N/A No flatbuffers github page Specification Yes Yes
(JSON)		 Partial
(internal to the buffer)		 Yes C++, Java, C#, Go, Python, JavaScript, PHP, C Yes
GVariant GLib D-Bus MP Yes GVariant Serialization Yes No No Yes
(Type strings)		 No N/A
Fast Infoset ISO, IEC, ITU-T XML Yes ITU-T X.891 and ISO/IEC 24824-1:2007 Yes Yes
(XML)		 Yes
(XPointer, XPath)		 Yes
(XML schema)		 Yes
(DOM, SAX, XQuery, XPath)		 N/A
HOCON Typesafe Inc. JSON No "HOCON (Human-Optimized Config Object Notation)" No Yes Yes ? Yes
(native Java API for all JVM languages)		 No
JSON Douglas Crockford JavaScript syntax Yes RFC 7159
(ancillary:
RFC 6901,
RFC 6902)		 No, but see BSON, Smile, UBJSON Yes Yes
(JSON Pointer (RFC 6901);
alternately:
JSONPath, JPath, JSPON, json:select()), JSON-LD		 Partial
(JSON Schema Proposal, Kwalify, Rx, Itemscript Schema), JSON-LD		 Partial
(Clarinet, JSONQuery, JSONPath), JSON-LD		 No
Name Creator-maintainer Based on Standardized? Specification Binary? Human-readable? Supports references?e Schema-IDL? Standard APIs Supports Zero-copy operations
KMIP Oasis n/a Yes Oasis Yes (Tag, Type, Length, Value) Yes No No No N/A
MessagePack Sadayuki Furuhashi JSON (loosely) Yes MessagePack format specification Yes No No No No Yes
Netstrings Dan Bernstein N/A Yes netstrings.txt Yes Yes No No No Yes
OGDL Rolf Veen ? Yes Specification Yes
(Binary Specification)		 Yes Yes
(Path Specification)		 Yes
(Schema WD)		 N/A
OPC-UA Binary OPC Foundation N/A Yes opcfoundation.org Yes No Yes No No N/A
OpenDDL Eric Lengyel C, PHP Yes OpenDDL.org No Yes Yes No Yes
(OpenDDL Library)		 N/A
PHP's serialize() & unserialize() PHP Group N/A Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes N/A
Data::Dumper format (Core Perl Module) Gurusamy Sarathy (ActiveState developer) Perl data types Yes No ? Yes No ? Yes N/A
Property list NeXT (creator)
Apple (maintainer)		 ? Partial Public DTD for XML format Yesa Yesb No ? Cocoa, CoreFoundation, OpenStep, GnuStep No
Protocol Buffers (protobuf) Google N/A Yes Developer Guide: Encoding Yes Partiald No Yes (built-in) C++, Java, Python No
S-expressions Internet Draft author:
Ron Rivest		 Lisp, Netstrings Partial
(largely de facto)		 "S-Expressions" Internet Draft Yes
("Canonical representation")		 Yes
("Advanced transport representation")		 No No N/A
SCaViS jWork.ORG N/A Yes N/A Yes Yes
(XML, Java Serialization, ProtocolBuffers)		 Yes Yes
(Java object persistency, XML, ProtocolBuffers)		 Yes
(Native Java API, bindings for Jython, JRuby, Groovy and others)		 N/A
Smile Tatu Saloranta JSON Yes Smile Format Specification Yes No No Partial
(JSON Schema Proposal, other JSON schemas/IDLs)		 Partial
(via JSON APIs implemented with Smile backend, on Jackson, Python)		 N/A
Structured Data eXchange Formats Max Wildgrube N/A Yes RFC 3072 Yes No No No N/A
Thrift Facebook (creator)
Apache (maintainer)		 N/A No Original whitepaper Yes Partialc No Yes (built-in) N/A
transit Cognitect N/A No Transit Format No Yes No No No N/A
UBJSON The Buzz Media, LLC JSON, BSON No Yes No No No No N/A
VelocyPack (VPack) ArangoDB N/A No VelocyPack (VPack) Version 1 Specification Yes No Partialg No Yes
(C++ API reference implementation)		 Yes
Name Creator-maintainer Based on Standardized? Specification Binary? Human-readable? Supports references?e Schema-IDL? Standard APIs Supports Zero-copy operations
eXternal Data Representation (XDR) Sun Microsystems (creator)
IETF (maintainer)		 N/A Yes RFC 4506 Yes No Yes Yes Yes N/A
XML W3C SGML Yes W3C Recommendations:
1.0 (Fifth Edition)
1.1 (Second Edition)		 Partial
(Binary XML)		 Yes Yes
(XPointer, XPath)		 Yes
(XML schema, RELAX_NG)		 Yes
(DOM, SAX, XQuery, XPath)		 No
XML-RPC Dave Winer[1] XML, SOAP[1] Yes XML-RPC Specification No Yes No No No No
YAML Clark Evans,
Ingy döt Net,
and Oren Ben-Kiki		 C, Java, Perl, Python, Ruby, Email, HTML, MIME, URI, XML, SAX, SOAP, JSON[2] Yes Version 1.2 No Yes Yes Partial
(Kwalify, Rx, built-in language type-defs)		 No No

Syntax comparison of human-readable formats

Format Null Boolean true Boolean false Integer Floating-point String Array Associative array/Object
ASN.1
(XML Encoding Rules)		 <foo /> <foo>true</foo> <foo>false</foo> <foo>685230</foo> <foo>6.8523015e+5</foo> <foo>A to Z</foo> 
<SeqOfUnrelatedDatatypes>
    <isMarried>true</isMarried>
    <hobby />
    <velocity>-42.1e7</velocity>
    <bookname>A to Z</bookname>
    <bookname>We said, "no".</bookname>
</SeqOfUnrelatedDatatypes>
An object (the key is a field name): 
<person>
    <isMarried>true</isMarried>
    <hobby />
    <height>1.85</height>
    <name>Bob Peterson</name>
</person>

A data mapping (the key is a data value):

<competition>
    <measurement>
        <name>John</name>
        <height>3.14</height>
    </measurement>
    <measurement>
        <name>Jane</name>
        <height>2.718</height>
    </measurement>
</competition>

a

Candle Markup (), "" true false 685230
-685230		 6.8523015e+5 "A to Z"
"""
A
to
Z
"""		 (true, (), -42.1e7, "A to Z") 
_{%342=true A%20to%20Z=(1, 2, 3)}
or 
_{
  _{key=42 value=true}
  _{key="A to Z" value=(1, 2, 3)}
}
CSVb nulla
(or an empty element in the row)a		 1a
truea		 0a
falsea		 685230
-685230a		 6.8523015e+5a A to Z
"We said, ""no""."		 true,,-42.1e7,"A to Z" 
42,1
A to Z,1,2,3
edn[4] nil true false 685230
-685230
685230N		 6.8523015e+5
6.8523015e+5M		 "A to Z"
"We said, \"no\"."		 [true, nil, -42.1e7, "A to Z"] {"42" true "A to Z" [1, 2, 3]}
Format Null Boolean true Boolean false Integer Floating-point String Array Associative array/Object
Netstringsc 0:,a
4:null,a		 1:1,a
4:true,a		 1:0,a
5:false,a		 6:685230,a 9:6.8523e+5,a 6:A to Z, 29:4:true,0:,7:-42.1e7,6:A to Z,, 41:9:2:42,1:1,,25:6:A to Z,12:1:1,1:2,1:3,,,,a
JSON null true false 685230
-685230		 6.8523015e+5 "A to Z" [true, null, -42.1e7, "A to Z"] {"42": true, "A to Z": [1, 2, 3]}
OGDL nulla truea falsea 685230a 6.8523015e+5a "A to Z"
'A to Z'
NoSpaces		 
true
null
-42.1e7
"A to Z"

(true, null, -42.1e7, "A to Z")

 
42
  true
"A to Z"
  1
  2
  3
42
  true
"A to Z", (1, 2, 3)
Format Null Boolean true Boolean false Integer Floating-point String Array Associative array/Object
OpenDDL ref {null} bool {true} bool {false} int32 {685230}
int32 {0x74AE}
int32 {0b111010010101110}		 float {6.8523015e+5} string {"A to Z"} Homogeneous array: 
int32 {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

Heterogeneous array:

array
{
    bool {true}
    ref {null}
    float {-42.1e7}
    string {"A to Z"}
}
 
dict
{
    value (key = "42") {bool {true}}
    value (key = "A to Z") {int32 {1, 2, 3}}
}
PHP's serialize() & unserialize() N; b:1; b:0; i:685230;
i:-685230;		 d:685230.15;d
d:INF;
d:-INF;
d:NAN;		 s:6:"A to Z"; a:4:{i:0;b:1;i:1;N;i:2;d:-421000000;i:3;s:6:"A to Z";} Associative array:
a:2:{i:42;b:1;s:6:"A to Z";a:3:{i:0;i:1;i:1;i:2;i:2;i:3;}}
Object:
O:8:"stdClass":2:{s:4:"John";d:3.14;s:4:"Jane";d:2.718;}d
Property list
(plain text format)[5]		 N/A <*BY> <*BN> <*I685230> <*R6.8523015e+5> "A to Z" ( <*BY>, <*R-42.1e7>, "A to Z" ) 
{
    "42" = <*BY>;
    "A to Z" = ( <*I1>, <*I2>, <*I3> );
}
Property list
(XML format)[6][7]		 N/A <true /> <false /> <integer>685230</integer> <real>6.8523015e+5</real> <string>A to Z</string> 
<array>
    <true />
    <real>-42.1e7</real>
    <string>A to Z</string>
</array>

<dict>
    <key>42</key>
    <true />
    <key>A to Z</key>
    <array>
        <integer>1</integer>
        <integer>2</integer>
        <integer>3</integer>
    </array>
</dict>
Format Null Boolean true Boolean false Integer Floating-point String Array Associative array/Object
S-expressions NIL
nil		 T
#tf
true		 NIL
#ff
false		 685230 6.8523015e+5 abc
"abc"
#616263#
3:abc
{MzphYmM=}
|YWJj|		 (T NIL -42.1e7 "A to Z") ((42 T) ("A to Z" (1 2 3)))
transit[8] null true false 685230
-685230
"~n685230"		 6.8523015e+5
"~f685230.15"		 "A to Z"
"We said, \"no\"."		 [true,null,-4.21E8,"A to Z"] ["^ ","42",true,"A to Z",[1,2,3]]
YAML ~
null
Null
NULL[9]		 y
Y
yes
Yes
YES
on
On
ON
true
True
TRUE[10]		 n
N
no
No
NO
off
Off
OFF
false
False
FALSE[10]		 685230
+685_230
-685230
02472256
0x_0A_74_AE
0b1010_0111_0100_1010_1110
190:20:30[11]		 6.8523015e+5
685.230_15e+03
685_230.15
190:20:30.15
.inf
-.inf
.Inf
.INF
.NaN
.nan
.NAN[12]		 A to Z
"A to Z"
'A to Z'		 [y, ~, -42.1e7, "A to Z"] 
- y
-
- -42.1e7
- A to Z
 {"John":3.14, "Jane":2.718} 
42: y
A to Z: [1, 2, 3]
XMLe <null />a <boolean val="true"/>a

<true />a

 <boolean val="false"/>a

<false />a

 <integer>685230</integer>a <float>6.8523015e+5</float>a A to Z a
<array>
  <element type="boolean">true</element>
  <element type="null"/>
  <element type="float">-42.1e7</element>
  <element type="string">A to Z</element>
</array>
a
<associative-array>
  <entry>
    <key type="integer">42</key>
    <value type="boolean">true</value>
  </entry>
  <entry>
    <key type="string">A to Z</key>
    <value>
      <array>
        <element type="integer" val="1"/>
        <element type="integer" val="2"/>
        <element type="integer" val="3"/>
      </array>
    </value>
  </entry>
</associative-array>
XML-RPC <value><boolean>1</boolean></value> <value><boolean>0</boolean></value> <value><int>685230</int></value> <value><double>6.8523015e+5</double></value> <value><string>A to Z</string></value> 
<value><array>
  <data>
  <value><boolean>1</boolean></value>
  <value><double>-42.1e7</double></value>
  <value><string>A to Z</string></value>
  </data>
  </array></value>

<value><struct>
  <member>
    <name>42</name>
    <value><boolean>1</boolean></value>
    </member>
  <member>
    <name>A to Z</name>
    <value>
      <array>
        <data>
          <value><int>1</int></value>
          <value><int>2</int></value>
          <value><int>3</int></value>
          </data>
        </array>
      </value>
    </member>
</struct>

Comparison of binary formats

Format Null Booleans Integer Floating-point String Array Associative array/Object
ASN.1
(BER, PER or OER encoding)		 NULL type BOOLEAN:
  • BER: as 1 byte in binary form;
  • PER: as 1 bit;
  • OER: as 1 byte
 INTEGER:
  • BER: variable-length big-endian binary representation (up to 2^(2^1024) bits);
  • PER Unaligned: a fixed number of bits if the integer type has a finite range; a variable number of bits otherwise;
  • PER Aligned: a fixed number of bits if the integer type has a finite range and the size of the range is less than 65536; a variable number of octets otherwise;
  • OER: one, two, or four octets (either signed or unsigned) if the integer type has a finite range that fits in that number of octets; a variable number of octets otherwise
 REAL:

base-10 real values are represented as character strings in ISO 6093 format;

binary real values are represented in a binary format that includes the mantissa, the base (2, 8, or 16), and the exponent;

the special values NaN, -INF, +INF, and negative zero are also supported

 Multiple valid types (VisibleString, PrintableString, GeneralString, UniversalString, UTF8String) data specifications SET OF (unordered) and SEQUENCE OF (guaranteed order) user definable type
Binn[13] \x00 True: \x01
False: \x02		 big-endian 2's complement signed and unsigned 8/16/32/64 bits single: big-endian binary32
double: big-endian binary64		 UTF-8 encoded, null terminated, preceded by int8 or int32 string length in bytes Typecode (one byte) + 1-4 bytes size + 1-4 bytes items count + list items Typecode (one byte) + 1-4 bytes size + 1-4 bytes items count + key/value pairs
BSON[14] Null type - 0 bytes for value True: one byte \x01
False: \x00		 int32: 32-bit little-endian 2's complement or int64: 64-bit little-endian 2's complement double: little-endian binary64 UTF-8 encoded, preceded by int32 encoded string length in bytes BSON embedded document with numeric keys BSON embedded document
Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR)[15] \xf6 True: \xf5
False: \xf4		 Small positive number \x00-\x17, small negative number \x20-\x37 (abs(N) <= 23)

8bit: positive \x18\xhh, negative \x38\xhh
16bit: positive \x19<uint16_t>, negative \x39<uint16_t>
32bit: positive \x1A<uint32_t>, negative \x3A<uint32_t>
64bit: positive \x1B<uint64_t>, negative \x3B<uint64_t>
Negative number x encoded as ~x (binary inversion) or as (-x-1)
Byte order - Big-endian

 Typecode (one byte) + IEEE half/single/double Typecode with length (like integer coding) and content.

Bytestring and UTF-8 have different typecode

 Typecode with count (like integer coding) and items Typecode with pairs count (like integer coding) and pairs
FlatBuffers[16] Encoded as absence of field in parent object True: one byte \x01
False: \x00		 little-endian 2's complement signed and unsigned 8/16/32/64 bits floats: little-endian binary32

doubles: little-endian binary64

 UTF-8 encoded, preceded by 32 bit integer length of string in bytes Vectors of any other type, preceded by 32 bit integer length of number of elements Tables (schema defined types) or Vectors sorted by key (maps / dictionaries)
Sereal 0x25 True: 0x3b
False: 0x3a		 Single byte POS/NEG (values -16..15)

or typecode (one byte) + "varint" encoded variable length integer or typecode (one byte) + "zigzag" encoded variable length integer

 Typecode (one byte) + IEEE single/double/quad As "SHORT_BINARY" (single-byte prefix + up to 31 raw bytes)

or typecode (one byte, including boolean UTF8-encoding flag) + "varint" encoded length + raw bytes

 As "ARRAYREF" (single-byte prefix + up to 15 array items)

or typecode (one byte) + "varint" encoded length + array items

 As "HASHREF" (single-byte prefix + up to 15 key-value pairs)

or typecode (one byte) + "varint" encoded length + key-value pairs. Distinguishes hashmaps from objects / class instances.

MessagePack \xc0 True: \xc3
False: \xc2		 Single byte "fixnum" (values -32..127)

or typecode (one byte) + big-endian (u)int8/16/32/64

 Typecode (one byte) + IEEE single/double Typecode + up to 15 bytes
or
typecode + length as uint8/16/32 + bytes;
encoding is unspecified[17]		 As "fixarray" (single-byte prefix + up to 15 array items)

or typecode (one byte) + 2-4 bytes length + array items

 As "fixmap" (single-byte prefix + up to 15 key-value pairs)

or typecode (one byte) + 2-4 bytes length + key-value pairs

Netstrings 0:, True: 1:1,

False: 1:0,
OGDL Binary
Property list
(binary format)
Protocol Buffers[18] Variable encoding length signed 32-bit: varint encoding of "ZigZag"-encoded value (n << 1) XOR (n >> 31)

Variable encoding length signed 64-bit: varint encoding of "ZigZag"-encoded (n << 1) XOR (n >> 63)
Constant encoding length 32-bit: 32 bits in little-endian 2's complement
Constant encoding length 64-bit: 64 bits in little-endian 2's complement

 floats: little-endian binary32

doubles: little-endian binary64

 UTF-8 encoded, preceded by varint-encoded integer length of string in bytes Repeated value with the same tag N/A
Sereal 0x25 True: 0x3b
False: 0x3a		 Single byte POS/NEG (values -16..15)

or typecode (one byte) + "varint" encoded variable length integer or typecode (one byte) + "zigzag" encoded variable length integer

 Typecode (one byte) + IEEE single/double/quad As "SHORT_BINARY" (single-byte prefix + up to 31 raw bytes)

or typecode (one byte, including boolean UTF8-encoding flag) + "varint" encoded length + raw bytes

 As "ARRAYREF" (single-byte prefix + up to 15 array items)

or typecode (one byte) + "varint" encoded length + array items

 As "HASHREF" (single-byte prefix + up to 15 key-value pairs)

or typecode (one byte) + "varint" encoded length + key-value pairs. Distinguishes hashmaps from objects / class instances.

Smile \x21 True: \x23
False: \x22		 Single byte "small" (values -16..15 encoded using \xc0 - \xdf),

zigzag-encoded varints (1 - 11 databytes), or BigInteger

 IEEE single/double, BigDecimal Length-prefixed "short" Strings (up to 64 bytes), marker-terminated "long" Strings and (optional) back-references Arbitrary-length heterogenous arrays with end-marker Arbitrary-length key/value pairs with end-marker
Structured Data eXchange Formats (SDXF) big-endian signed 24bit or 32bit integer big-endian IEEE double either UTF-8 or ISO 8859-1 encoded list of elements with identical ID and size, preceded by array header with int16 length chunks can contain other chunks to arbitrary depth
Thrift
Transenc 0x82 True: 0x81
False: 0x80		 Single byte integers in the range [-32;127]

Fixed length integers for 8-bits, 16-bits, 32-bits, and 64-bits integers.

Encoded as two's complement little-endian values.

 Little-endian IEEE single/double precision numbers. UTF-8 encoded type-length-value string. Balanced brackets with an optional array count. Arrays can be nested. Balanced brackets with an optional object count. Objects can be nested.
VelocyPack[19] 0x00 none,
0x18 null		 True: 0x1a
False: 0x19		 signed integers, little-endian, 1 to 8 bytes, 2's complement: 0x20-0x27 + int;

unsigned integers, little-endian, 1 to 8 bytes: 0x28-0x2f + uint;
small integers 0, 1, ... 9: 0x30-0x39;
small negative integers -6, -5, ..., -1: 0x3a-0x3f;
UTC-date in milliseconds since the epoch, little-endian, 2's complement: 0x1c + uint64

 double IEEE-754, little-endian: 0x1b + uint64 equivalent;

positive long packed BCD-encoded float: 0xc8-0xcf + 8 bytes;
negative long packed BCD-encoded float: 0xd0-0xd7 + 8 bytes

 UTF-8 string, 0-126 bytes length: 0x40-0xbe + 0..126 bytes;

variable length UTF-8 string, little-endian, unsigned integer, not zero-terminated and may contain zero bytes: 0xbf + 8 bytes byte-length + string

 empty array: 0x01;

array without index table, all sub items 1/2/4/8 bytes byte-length;
array with 1/2/4/8 byte index table offsets, byte-length and number of sub values;
compact array, no index table: 0x13

 empty object: 0x0a;

object with 1/2/4/8 byte index table offsets, sorted by attribute name, 1/2/4/8 byte byte-length and number of sub values;
object with 1/2/4/8 byte index table offsets, not sorted by attribute name, 1/2/4/8 byte byte-length and number of sub values;
compact object, no index table: 0x14

It should be noted that any XML based representation can be compressed, or generated as, using EXI - Efficient XML Interchange, which is a "Schema Informed" (as opposed to schema-required, or schema-less) binary compression standard for XML.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 http://www.xml.com/pub/a/ws/2001/04/04/soap.html
  2. ↑ Ben-Kiki, Oren; Evans, Clark; Net, Ingy döt (2009-10-01). "YAML Ain't Markup Language (YAML) Version 1.2". The Official YAML Web Site. Retrieved 2012-02-10.
  3. ↑ https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/docs/reference/cpp/google.protobuf.text_format
  4. ↑ "Extensible Data Notation". GitHub, Inc.
  5. ↑ http://www.gnustep.org/resources/documentation/Developer/Base/Reference/NSPropertyList.html
  6. ↑ http://developer.apple.com/mac/library/documentation/Darwin/Reference/ManPages/man5/plist.5.html
  7. ↑ http://developer.apple.com/mac/library/documentation/CoreFoundation/Conceptual/CFPropertyLists/Articles/XMLTags.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/20001172-CJBEJBHH
  8. ↑ "Transit Format". GitHub, Inc.
  9. ↑ Oren Ben-Kiki; Clark Evans; Brian Ingerson (2005-01-18). "Null Language-Independent Type for YAML Version 1.1". YAML.org. Retrieved 2009-09-12.
  10. 1 2 Oren Ben-Kiki; Clark Evans; Brian Ingerson (2005-01-18). "Boolean Language-Independent Type for YAML Version 1.1". YAML.org. Clark C. Evans. Retrieved 2009-09-12.
  11. ↑ Oren Ben-Kiki; Clark Evans; Brian Ingerson (2005-02-11). "Integer Language-Independent Type for YAML Version 1.1". YAML.org. Clark C. Evans. Retrieved 2009-09-12.
  12. ↑ Oren Ben-Kiki; Clark Evans; Brian Ingerson (2005-01-18). "Floating-Point Language-Independent Type for YAML Version 1.1". YAML.org. Clark C. Evans. Retrieved 2009-09-12.
  13. ↑ https://github.com/liteserver/binn/blob/master/spec.md
  14. ↑ http://bsonspec.org
  15. ↑ RFC 7049
  16. ↑ https://google.github.io/flatbuffers/flatbuffers_internals.html
  17. ↑ https://github.com/msgpack/msgpack/blob/master/spec.md#formats-str
  18. ↑ https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/docs/encoding
  19. ↑ https://github.com/arangodb/velocypack/blob/master/VelocyPack.md

External links

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