Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro

Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro

Areas in red constitute the proposed Bangsamoro political entity
Context Part of a series of peace agreements between the Government of the Philippines and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front seeking resolution to the Moro conflict
Signed 27 March 2014 (2014-03-27)
Location Malacañan Palace, Manila, Philippines
Signatories Philippines Miriam Coronel-Ferrer
Mohagher Iqbal
Malaysia Tenkgu Dato Ab Ghafar Tengku Mohamed
Parties Philippines Philippines
Moro Islamic Liberation Front

The Comprehensive Agreement on Bangsamoro (CAB) is a final peace agreement signed between the Government of the Philippines and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front on 27 March 2014 at the Malacañan Palace in Manila.[1] Under the agreement, the Islamic separatists would turn over their firearms to a third party, which would be selected by the rebels and the Philippine government. The MILF had agreed to decommission its armed wing, the Bangsamoro Islamic Armed Forces (BIAF). In return, the government would establish an autonomous Bangsamoro. Power sharing was a central point to the autonomy redesign.

The current ARMM charter lists 14 areas that are outside the powers of the regional legislature. In this comprehensive peace agreement, the parties lists 81 powers categorized into reserved for the central government, exclusive to the Bangsamoro, and concurrent with or shared by the two sides for power sharing. Of the 81 powers, 58 are devolved to the Bangsamoro, nine are reserved to the central government, and 14 are shared.[2] The Framework Agreement on the Bangsamoro and Four annexes, namely on Transitional Arrangements and Modalities, Revenue Generation and Wealth Sharing, Power Sharing and Normalization, together with the Addendum on Bangsamoro Waters, will be included in the comprehensive agreement.[3] The Armed Forces of the Philippines has raised red alert status on 24 March in preparation for the event. Philippine President Benigno Aquino III, MILF chair Hadji Murad Ibrahim, and Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak are among the key people expected to be present at the signing of the agreement.[4]

Background

In pursuit of their goal of liberating Bangsamoro, the MNLF engaged the government forces in extensive armed collisions,[5] peaking in the early 70s when the rebels’ blitz-like operations brought them control of a substantial number of municipalities surrounding Cotabato City and its airport complex. This prompted the Marcos regime to beef up military presence by deploying almost three-fourths of the army[6] in most Muslim parts of Mindanao. Things took a different turn in 1976 when Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi brokered an agreement[7] that led to the signing of the Tripoli Agreement[8] introducing the concept of an autonomous Muslim region in Mindanao. On 1 August 1989, under the mandate of the new 1987 Constitution,[9] Congress enacted Republic Act 6734[10] authorizing the creation of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM). However, out of the 13 provinces and 9 cities that participated in the plebiscite,[11] only the provinces of Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao, Sulu, and Tawi-Tawi opted to become part of the ARMM. The ARMM was formally established on 6 November 1990.[12]

Instead of bringing the Muslim leaders together, this agreement further fragmented the MNLF,[13] because some factions within the group preferred independence over autonomy. Thus, a group of officers led by Hashim Salamat broke away[14] and formed the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) to continue their armed struggle for an independent Bangsamoro (Moro nation) in Mindanao.

Though the combined strength of these two rebel forces has not reached a point of posing any real threat to the government in Manila, their existence—and the reasons for their resilience—certainly brings lots of headaches for the government. For nearly five decades, five presidents have tried to completely end these two rebellions, utilizing both force and diplomacy. So far, no combination has succeeded. Perhaps the most remarkable effort to bring closure to these movements was that of the Ramos Administration, which tried to reach out to both the communist and Muslim rebels through peaceful means. There were many efforts to reach peace with Islamist separatists.

Framework Agreement

On 15 October 2012, the Philippine government signed a much-hyped document touted as the Framework Agreement on the Bangsamoro, which culminated the Aquino Administration's effort to end the deadlock in the peace process. This new document, while merely providing for a general framework for the actual peace negotiations, announced that "the status quo is unacceptable and that the Bangsamoro shall be established to replace the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM). The Bangsamoro was the new autonomous political entity (NPE) referred to in the Decision Points of Principles as of April 2012." According to President Aquino, this was the agreement that could "finally seal genuine, lasting peace in Mindanao."[15] with Bangsamoro replacing ARMM which was described by President Benigno Aquino III as "a failed experiment".[16]

Reaching the agreement

The peace talks between the MILF and the Philippine government had been brokered by Malaysia since 1997. After 2009, the negotiations were also supported by an International Contact Group(the ICG).[17] The ICG represented an innovation in peace process support, in that it was a hybrid body composed of both states and international non-governmental organisations (INGOs). The members were Turkey, Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom, and Japan, The Asia Foundation, the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Muhammadiyah, and Conciliation Resources. When the Asia Foundation became an official member of the Third Party Monitoring Team in 2012, the Community of San’Egidio from Italy replaced the Asia Foundation in the ICG.

On 24 January 2014, Philippine government chief negotiator Miriam Coronel Ferer and MILF chief negotiator Mohagher Iqbal signed a peace agreement in Kuala Lumpur. The agreement would pave the way for the creation of the new Muslim autonomous entity called "Bangsamoro" under a law to be approved by the Philippine Congress.

The government aims to set up the region by 2016. The agreement calls for Muslim self-rule in parts of the southern Philippines in exchange for a deactivation of rebel forces by the MILF. MILF forces would turn over their firearms to a third party to selected by the MILF and the Philippine government. A regional police force would be established, and the Philippine military would reduce the presence of troops and help disband private armies in the area.[18] In the Agreement, the government committed to change a 37-year autonomy experiment whose current version, the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM), has failed to live up to the Moro people’s aspiration for freedom from a highly centralized government.[2]

References

  1. ↑ "500 MILF members to attend Bangsamoro accord signing at Palace | Inquirer News". Newsinfo.inquirer.net. 2014-03-25. Retrieved 2015-02-27.
  2. 1 2 "Power-sharing central to Moro self-rule | Inquirer News". Newsinfo.inquirer.net. 2014-03-27. Retrieved 2015-02-27.
  3. ↑ Rodel, Jose (2014-02-12). "Bangsamoro deal signed by March | Headlines, News, The Philippine Star". philstar.com. Retrieved 2015-02-27.
  4. ↑ Romero, Alexis (2014-03-25). "AFP on red alert vs. peace deal spoilers | Headlines, News, The Philippine Star". philstar.com. Retrieved 2015-02-27.
  5. ↑ "Muslim Rulers and Rebels". Publishing.cdlib.org. Retrieved 2015-02-27.
  6. ↑ "The Origins of the Muslim Separatist Movement in the Philippines". Asia Society. Retrieved 2015-02-27.
  7. ↑ Militant Islam in Southeast Asia: Crucible of Terror - Zachary Abuza - Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2015-02-27.
  8. ↑ "MNLF Home Page". Mnlfnet.com. Retrieved 2015-02-27.,
  9. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20121028105057/http://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/index7.php?doctype=Constitutions&docid=a45475a11ec72b843d74959b60fd7bd64558f82c40d9d. Archived from the original on 28 October 2012. Retrieved 27 March 2014. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  10. ↑ "R.A. 6734". Lawphil.net. 1989-08-01. Retrieved 2015-02-27.,
  11. ↑ "Fast Facts on the ARMM Elections". Abs-cbnnews.com. Retrieved 2015-02-27.
  12. ↑ "Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao". Unterm.un.org. Archived from the original on 15 October 2013. Retrieved 2015-02-27.
  13. ↑ "Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF)". Fas.org. Retrieved 2015-02-27.
  14. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20120909040310/http://www.cdi.org/terrorism/moro.cfm. Archived from the original on 9 September 2012. Retrieved 27 March 2014. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  15. ↑ "Speech of President Aquino during the signing of the GPH-MILF Framework Agreement on the Bangsamoro, October 15, 2012 | Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines". Gov.ph. 15 October 2012. Archived from the original on 28 December 2013. Retrieved 2015-02-27.
  16. ↑ "Govt, MILF agree to create 'Bangsamoro' to replace ARMM | News | GMA News Online". Gmanetwork.com. 2012-10-07. Retrieved 2015-02-27.
  17. ↑ "Innovation in mediation support: The International Contact Group in Mindanao" (PDF). C-r.org. Retrieved 2015-02-27.
  18. ↑ "Bangkok Post article". Bangkok Post article. 2014-01-25. Retrieved 2015-02-27.
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