Contrasting and categorization of emotions

The contrasting and categorisation of emotions describes how emotions are thought to relate to each other. Various recent proposals of such groupings are described in the following sections.

Contrasting basic emotions

The following table,^[1] based on a wide review of current theories, identifies and contrasts the fundamental emotions according to a set of definite criteria. The three key criteria used include mental experiences that:

1. have a strongly motivating subjective quality like pleasure or pain;
2. are in response to some event or object that is either real or imagined;
3. motivate particular kinds of behavior.

The combination of these attributes distinguish the emotions from sensations, feelings and moods.

Kind of Emotion	Positive Emotions	Negative Emotions
Related to Object Properties	Interest, curiosity	Alarm, panic
	Attraction, desire, admiration	Aversion, disgust, revulsion
	Surprise, amusement	Indifference, familiarity, habituation
Future Appraisal	Hope	Fear
Event-Related	Gratitude, thankfulness	Anger, rage
	Joy, elation, triumph, jubilation	Sorrow, grief
	Patience	Frustration, disappointment
Self-Appraisal	Humility Remembering who you are	Pride, Thinking or acting in a way above others
Social	Charity	Avarice, greed, miserliness, envy, jealousy
	Sympathy	Cruelty
Cathected	Love	Hate

HUMAINE's proposal for EARL

The emotion annotation and representation language (EARL) proposed by the Human-Machine Interaction Network on Emotion (HUMAINE) classifies 48 emotions.^[2]

Negative and forceful Anger Annoyance Contempt Disgust Irritation Negative and not in control Anxiety Embarrassment Fear Helplessness Powerlessness Worry Negative thoughts Pride Doubt Envy Frustration Guilt Shame

Negative and passive Boredom Despair Disappointment Hurt Sadness Agitation Stress Shock Tension Positive and lively Amusement Delight Elation Excitement Happiness Joy Pleasure Caring Affection Empathy Friendliness Love

Positive thoughts Courage Hope Humility Satisfaction Trust Quiet positive Calmness Contentment Relaxation Relief Serenity Reactive Interest Politeness Surprise

Parrott's emotions by groups

A tree-structured list of emotions was described in Shaver et al. (1987),^[3] and also featured in Parrott (2001).^[4]

Primary emotion	Secondary emotion	Tertiary emotion
Liking	Affection	Adoration · Fondness · Liking · Attractiveness · Caring · Tenderness · Compassion · Sentimentality
	Lust/Sexual desire	Desire · Passion · Infatuation
	Longing	Longing
Joy	Cheerfulness	Amusement · Bliss · Gaiety · Glee · Jolliness · Joviality · Joy · Delight · Enjoyment · Gladness · Happiness · Jubilation · Elation · Satisfaction · Ecstasy · Euphoria
	Zest	Enthusiasm · Zeal · Excitement · Thrill · Exhilaration
	Contentment	Pleasure
	Pride	Triumph
	Optimism	Eagerness · Hope
	Enthrallment	Enthrallment · Rapture
	Relief	Relief
Surprise	Surprise	Amazement · Astonishment
Anger	Irritability	Aggravation · Agitation · Annoyance · Grouchy · Grumpy · Crosspatch
	Exasperation	Frustration
	Rage	Anger · Outrage · Fury · Wrath · Hostility · Ferocity · Bitter · Hatred · Scorn · Spite · Vengefulness · Dislike · Resentment
	Disgust	Revulsion · Contempt · Loathing
	Envy	Jealousy
	Torment	Torment
Sadness	Suffering	Agony · Anguish · Hurt
	Sadness	Depression · Despair · Gloom · Glumness · Unhappy · Grief · Sorrow · Woe · Misery · Melancholy
	Disappointment	Dismay · Displeasure
	Shame	Guilt · Regret · Remorse
	Neglect	Alienation · Defeatism · Dejection · Embarrassment · Homesickness · Humiliation · Insecurity · Insult · Isolation · Loneliness · Rejection
	Sympathy	Pity · Mono no aware · Sympathy
Fear	Horror	Alarm · Shock · Fear · Fright · Horror · Terror · Panic · Hysteria · Mortification
	Nervousness	Anxiety · Suspense · Uneasiness · Apprehension (fear) · Worry · Distress · Dread

Plutchik's wheel of emotions

Plutchik's Wheel of Emotions

In 1980 Robert Plutchik constructed a wheel-like diagram of emotions visualising eight basic emotions, plus eight derivative emotions each composed of two basic ones.^[5] He also theorized sixteen "Primary level" and "Secondary level" emotions, whose components were farther apart.^[6]

-3	-2	-1	+1	+2	+3
Terror	Fear	Apprehension	Annoyance	Anger	Rage
Loathing	Disgust	Boredom	Acceptance	Trust	Admiration
Grief	Sadness	Pensiveness	Serenity	Joy	Ecstasy
Amazement	Surprise	Distraction	Interest	Anticipation	Vigilance

Dyads (Combinations)

Human feelings (results of emotions)	Emotions	Opposite	Emotions
Love	Joy + Trust	Remorse	Sadness + Disgust
Guilt	Joy + Fear	Envy	Sadness + Anger
Delight	Joy + Surprise	Pessimism	Sadness + Anticipation
Submission	Trust + Fear	Contempt	Disgust + Anger
Curiosity	Trust + Surprise	Cynicism	Disgust + Anticipation
Sentimentality	Trust + Sadness	Morbidness	Disgust + Joy
Awe	Fear + Surprise	Aggression	Anger + Anticipation
Despair	Fear + Sadness	Pride	Anger + Joy
Shame	Fear + Disgust	Dominance	Anger + Trust
Disappointment	Surprise + Sadness	Optimism	Anticipation + Joy
Unbelief	Surprise + Disgust	Hope	Anticipation + Trust
Outrage	Surprise + Anger	Anxiety	Anticipation + Fear

"Rest" can be considered an emotional zero.^[7]

See also

• Affect (psychology)
• Basic emotions
• Emotion and memory
• Emotion classification
• Emotional mood
• List of virtues

References

1. Robinson, D. L. (2009). "Brain function, mental experience and personality". The Netherlands Journal of Psychology. pp. 152–167.
2. "HUMAINE Emotion Annotation and Representation Language". Emotion-research.net. Retrieved June 30, 2006.
3. Shaver, P.; Schwartz, J.; Kirson, D. & O'connor, C. (1987). "Emotion knowledge: further exploration of a prototype approach". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 52 (6): 1061. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.6.1061. PMID 3598857.
4. Parrott, W. (2001). Emotions in Social Psychology. Key Readings in Social Psychology. Philadelphia: Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0863776830.
5. Plutchik, R. "The Nature of Emotions". American Scientist. Archived from the original on July 16, 2001. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
6. Atifa Athar; M. Saleem Khan; Khalil Ahmed; Aiesha Ahmed; Nida Anwar (June 2011). "A Fuzzy Inference System for Synergy Estimation of Simultaneous Emotion Dynamics in Agents". International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research. 2 (6).
7. https://dragonscanbebeaten.wordpress.com/2010/06/04/plutchiks-eight-primary-emotions-and-how-to-use-them-part-2-of-2/

External links

• That page presents lists from Ekman, Lazarus, Ortony et al., and Goleman
• A table of basic emotions according to a variety of authors
• An organized list of over 800 English emotion words, maintained by Steven DeRose
• Jessica Hagy, Plutchik’s Wheel of Emotions emotions in Venn format]